Figure 1.

Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of TNBC. Several studies are combining checkpoint blockades with multiple therapies, including traditional chemotherapy; PARP inhibitors; anti-VEGF/VEGF-R agents; anti-CTLA-4 antibodies or novel strategies including virotherapy, vaccination therapy, CAR T-cell or TCR T-cell therapy in order to overcome the mechanisms involved in the impairment of antitumor immune responses. Abbreviations: TCR: T-cell receptor; MHC-I: Major histocompatibility complex class I; MHC-II: Major histocompatibility complex class II; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; TAA: Tumor-associated antigen; TSA: Tumor-specific antigen; TCR:T cell receptor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF-R-: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.