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. 2022 May 9;12(9):1602. doi: 10.3390/nano12091602

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Various chemical and physical properties that can determine how nanoparticles will act as vaccine carriers. The size, hydrophobicity, charge, shape, and ligand density of the nanoparticles that carry the therapeutic factor will have a significant effect on their cellular uptake, distribution in the body, accumulation in the cell (especially phagocytic cells) and the rate of tissue penetration.