Figure 5.

The role of different nanoparticles containing therapeutic agents. Different nanoparticles have been used to carry different components of viral particles such as genetic material and/or its antigens. The viral genetic materials are usually encapsulated or trapped inside the nanoparticles while the viral antigens are functionalized on the surface of the nanoparticles. Depending on which type of T-cell or antigen-presenting cells these engineered nanoparticles attach to, different immunological pathways are created in the body, which ultimately lead to the activation of B cells that produce monoclonal antibodies against the virus particle.