Table 2.
Tentatively identified metabolites via UPLC/T-TOF–MS/MS in the methanol extract of Saussurea costus roots using negative and positive ionization modes.
| No. | Rt | Proposed Compounds | Formula | [M-H] m/z |
[M+H] m/z |
Diff. (ppm) | Ms2 (Characteristic Fragments) | % | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acid derivatives | |||||||||
| 1 | 1.22 | Oxoproline | C5H7NO3 | 128.0348 | 130.0464 | −0.7 | 84.0456 | 2.61 | |
| 2 | 2.51 | Dimethylglycine | C4H9NO2 | 104.1061 | 2.4 | 59.0735, 58.0641 | 31.59 | ||
| 3 | 9.39 | 2-Aminoadipic acid | C6H11NO4 | 162.0919 | −2 | 161.0868 | 0.16 | ||
| 4 | 12.97 | N-alpha-acetyl-L-ornithine | C7H14N2O3 | 175.0754 | −0.2 | 160.0846 | 0.12 | ||
| Organic and Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||||||
| 5 | 1.18 | Succinic acid | C4H6O4 | 117.0188 | −0.1 | 99.0094, 73.0277 [M-H-CO2−]− | 0.78 | [31] | |
| 6 | 1.23 | Malic acid | C4H6O5 | 133.0141 | −0.4 | 115.0052, 89.0259 [M-H-CO2−]−, 71.0145 | 2.32 | ||
| 7 | 4.75 | p-hydroxybenzoic acid | C7H6O3 | 137.0233 | 4.2 | 136.0153, 108.0218 | 1.49 | ||
| Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives | |||||||||
| 8 | 5.63 | Chlorogenic acid | C16H18O9 | 353.0912 | 355.0752 | 4.2 | 191.0559 [M-H-caffeic acid]−, 161.0264 [M-H-quinic acid]− | 2.66 | [13] |
| 9 | 13.59 | 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid | C11H12O4 | 209.0785 | 3.9 | 191.0686 [M+H-H2O]+ | 0.33 | ||
| Flavonoid derivatives | |||||||||
| 10 | 5.17 | Acacetin-O-rutinoside | C28H32O14 | 593.1631 | −0.5 | 576.3024 [M+H-OH]+ | 1.08 | ||
| 11 | 5.78 | Quercetin glycuronide | C21H18O13 | 477.0659 | 3.1 | 301.0332 [M-H-glycuronic acid]− | 0.13 | ||
| 12 | 5.44 | Procyanidin B2 | C30H26O12 | 579.1859 | −3 | 561.1873 [M+H-H2O]+ | 0.85 | ||
| 13 | 6.52 | Luteolin-di-O-hexoside | C27H30O16 | 609.1462 | −3.9 | 563.2827 | 0.06 | ||
| 14 | 6.83 | Baicalein-O-glycuronide | C21H18O11 | 447.0679 | 0.6 | 412.2124, 268.1566 | 1.51 | ||
| 15 | 6.88 | Quercetin pentoside | C20H18O11 | 433.1094 | 4.6 | 326.9419 | 0.07 | ||
| 16 | 7.11 | Kaempferol neohesperidoside | C27H30O15 | 593.1527 | −4.8 | 112.9892 | 0.09 | ||
| 17 | 7.23 | Isorhamnetin-O-rutinoside | C28H32O16 | 623.1595 | 1 | 315.0418 [M-H-rutinose]−, 299.0167 | 0.40 | ||
| 18 | 7.25 | Daidzein-C-hexoside | C21H20O9 | 415.1944 | 417.1285 | 2 | 355.0871, 238.0804 | 0.97 | |
| 19 | 7.33 | Quercetin hexoside | C21H20O12 | 465.1058 | −4 | 303.0471 [M+H-hexose]+ | 0.15 | ||
| 20 | 7.43 | Rhoifolin (Apigenin neohesperidoside) | C27H30O14 | 577.1506 | 2.9 | 531.2191, 269.0386 [M-H-neohesperidose]− | 0.03 | ||
| 21 | 7.44 | Luteolin-O-hexoside | C21H20O11 | 447.0966 | 2.9 | 285.0520 [M-H-hexose]− | 0.30 | [32] | |
| 22 | 7.81 | Apigenin-C-hexoside | C21H20O10 | 433.1232 | 0.7 | 403.1114, 151.0633 | 0.08 | [33] | |
| 23 | 8.00 | Kaempferol glycuronide | C21H18O12 | 461.0608 | 463.1023 | 2.7 | 287.0589 [M+H- glycuronic acid]+ | 1.28 | |
| 24 | 8.01 | Diosmin (diosmetin-O-rutinoside) | C28H32O15 | 609.1828 | −3.2 | 463.1245 [M+H-deoxyhexose]+, 301.0719 [M+H-rutinose]+ | 0.17 | ||
| 25 | 8.04 | Isorhamnetin-O-hexoside | C22H22O12 | 477.1412 | 479.1228 | −4.1 | 317.0612 [M+H-hexose]+, 285.0323 | 0.27 | |
| 26 | 8.08 | Petunidin-O-hexoside | C22H23O12 | 479.0961 | −0.7 | 317.0662 [M+H-hexose]+ | 0.08 | ||
| 27 | 8.14 | Daidzein | C15H10O4 | 255.0551 | −4.3 | 167.1071 | 0.31 | ||
| 28 | 8.86 | Quercetin | C15H10O7 | 303.0966 | 1.8 | 167.0781 | 1.99 | [34] | |
| 29 | 9.09 | Formononetin-O-hexoside | C22H22O9 | 431.1681 | 1.7 | 269.1243 [M+H-hexose]+ | 0.16 | ||
| 30 | 9.15 | Gossypetin hexoside | C21H20O13 | 481.1810 | 0.5 | 319.0663 [M+H-hexose]+ | 0.06 | ||
| 31 | 9.43 | Luteolin-C-hexoside | C21H20O11 | 449.1549 | 2.9 | --- | 3.51 | ||
| 32 | 9.46 | Apigenin-O-hexoside | C21H20O10 | 433.1851 | −2.6 | 271.1296 [M+H-hexose]+ | 0.49 | [33] | |
| 33 | 10.41 | Malvidin-O-hexoside | C23H25O12 | 491.1155 | 493.1319 | 0.8 | 329.0696 [M-H-hexose]− | 0.98 | |
| 34 | 10.44 | Apigenin | C15H10O5 | 269.0434 | 4 | 164.9932 | 0.16 | [32] | |
| 35 | 10.80 | 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone | C16H12O6 | 299.0541 | 301.0812 | 4.4 | 153.1010, 126.0668 | 0.13 | |
| 36 | 12.41 | Naringenin | C15H12O5 | 271.1324 | 273.0884 | 0.6 | 257.0491, 147.0214 [M+H-C6H6O3]+ | 1.54 | |
| 37 | 12.71 | Formononetin | C16H12O4 | 267.0712 | 269.0403 | −1.9 | 252.0420 [M-H-CH3]− | 0.27 | |
| 38 | 13.10 | 3’-methoxy-4’,5,7-trihydroxy flavonol | C16H12O7 | 317.1198 | −4.8 | 302.0595, 300.1432, 275.0970 | 0.66 | ||
| 39 | 13.63 | Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone) | C16H12O5 | 283.1895 | 285.0867 | 5 | 253.1469 [M-H-OCH3]− | 11.43 | |
| 40 | 13.71 | Luteolin | C15H10O6 | 285.039 | 287.0956 | −0.3 | 269.1614 [M-H-OH]−, 151.0980 | 1.23 | [35] |
| 41 | 14.20 | Hesperetin | C16H14O6 | 301.2041 | 303.1557 | 1 | 240.0945, 141.0669 | 0.09 | |
| 42 | 15.64 | 4’,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone | C16H14O5 | 287.1053 | −1.7 | 213.1243 | 1.72 | ||
| 43 | 17.63 | Myricetin | C15H10O8 | 319.1651 | 2.8 | ---- | 0.24 | [23] | |
| Coumarins | |||||||||
| 44 | 9.08 | Scopoletin | C10H8O4 | 191.0349 | 193.1578 | 0.6 | 176.0147, 148.0164 | 11.82 | [32] |
| 45 | 16.74 | Esculetin hexoside | C15H16O9 | 339.1987 | 1.9 | --- | 0.03 | ||
| 46 | 17.74 | Daphnetin | C9H6O4 | 179.0861 | 0 | 163.0503 | 0.19 | ||
| Miscellaneous metabolites | |||||||||
| 47 | 3.21 | Hexenal | C6H10O | 99.0437 | 1 | 83.0493 | 0.36 | ||
| 48 | 17.27 | Cinnamaldehyde | C9H8O | 133.1001 | 0.7 | 131.0851, 117.0684 | 0.58 | ||
| 49 | 20.98 | Diosgenin | C27H42O3 | 415.3205 | 1.89 | 283.2412 | 0.08 | [28,29] | |