Table 1.
Demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of study participants.
| Rural (R) n. (%) | Semi-Urbanized (SU) n. (%) | Urban (U) n. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n = 159) | 54 (34.0) | 55 (34.6) | 50 (31.4) |
| Fathers/mothers (n = 26/40) | 8 (30.8)/19 (47.5) | 9 (34.6)/11 (27.5) | 9 (34.6)/10 (25.0) |
| Offspring (n = 93) | 27 (29.0) | 35 (37.6) | 31 (33.4) |
| Children Males/females (n = 44/49) |
14 (31.8)/13 (26.5) | 16 (36.4)/19 (38.8) | 14 (31.8)/17 (34.7) |
| Age distribution (years) | |||
| <5 (n = 27) | 11 (40.7) | 6 (22.3) | 10 (37.0) |
| 5–13 (n = 43) | 12 (27.9) | 19 (44.2) | 12 (27.9) |
| 14–18 (n = 13) | 2 (15.4) | 7 (53.8) | 4 (30.8) |
| >18–77 (n = 76) | 29 (38.1) | 23 (30.3) | 24 (31.6) |
| Parents/caregivers (n = 66) | 27 (40.9) | 20 (30.3) | 19 (28.8) |
| Religion of Parents/caregiver | |||
| Muslim | 6 (22.2) | 7 (35) | 8 (42.1) |
| Christian Catholic | 7 (25.9) | 5 (25) | 9 (47.4) |
| Christian Protestant | 2 (7.5) | 6 (30) | 2 (10.5) |
| Traditional (animist) | 12 (44.4) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) |
| Education level of parents/caregivers | |||
| Males | |||
| No school education | 8 (100) | 7 (77.8) | 1 (11.1) |
| Primary school | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (33.3) |
| Intermediate | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (33.3) |
| High or more | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) |
| Females | |||
| No school education | 18 (94.7) | 9 (81.8) | 0 (0) |
| Primary school | 1 (5.3) | 2 (18.2) | 2 (20) |
| Intermediate | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (60) |
| High or more | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) |
| Occupation of parents/caregivers | |||
| Males | |||
| Manual worker | 8 (100) | 8 (88.9) | 4 (44.4) |
| Professional | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (44.4) |
| Retired | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (11.2) |
| Females | |||
| Housewife/farmer | 19 (100) | 11 (100) | 4 (40) |
| Student | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
| Manual worker | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
| Professional | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (40) |
| School attendance among children at school age (6–16 y) | |||
| Attending | 0 (0) | 21 (100) | 12 (85.7) |
| Habitual alcohol consumption (parents/caregivers) | |||
| Alcoholic fermented products (e.g., dolo) | 16 (55.2) | 4 (17.4) | 3 (12.5) |
| Alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, spirits) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 8 (33.3) |
| Smoking (parents/caregivers) | |||
| Smoking habit | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.2) |
| Means of transport of adults (>18 y) | |||
| Walk and/or bike | 26 (89.7) | 16 (69.6) | 8 (33.3) |
| Scooter and/or car | 3 (10.3) | 7 (30.4) | 16 (66.7) |