Table 4.
Summary of studies on compounds extracted from agarwood with proven anti-inflammatory action.
| Compound | Study Model | Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory Pathways | Key Findings | |||
| 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone | In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Inhibit the activation of MAPK and STAT pathways. | Inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2. | [104] |
| In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Inhibit NF-κB activation. | Inhibit the production of NO. | [105] | |
| In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Not specified. | Inhibit the production of NO. | [106,107,108,109,110,111,112] | |
| Sesquiterpenoids | In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Not specified. | Inhibit the production of NO. | [17] |
| In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Not specified. | Inhibit the production of NO. | [113] | |
| In vitro study on RAW 264.7 cells. | Not specified. | Inhibit the production of NO. | [114] | |
| Others: β-caryophyllene | In vivo study on rats with paw edema induced with carrageenan. | Not specified. | Reduced edema in rat paws. | [115] |
| α-humulene | Ovalbumin induced mice model of allergic asthma | inhibition of the activation of p65 NF-kB and c-Jun AP-1 | reduction of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, IL-5, CCL11, and LTB4 levels. Decrease in the production of IL-5 in the mediastinal lymph nodes, mucus secretions in the lungs. |
[116] |