Table 1.
Characteristics and specific dietary intake of the healthy volunteers involved in the 3-day intervention study.
All (n = 31) |
Cluster B1 (n = 16) |
Cluster B2 (n = 8) |
Cluster B3 (n = 7) |
p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical Characteristics | |||||
Age (years) | 37.9 ± 11.2 | 35.6 ± 12.7 | 39.0 ± 8.9 | 42.0 ± 10.0 | 0.451 |
Gender (Female %) | 15 (48.39) | 8 (50.02) | 8 (37.50) | 4 (57.14) | 0.737 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.7 | 24.4 ± 2.8 | 21.7 ± 2.3 | 0.294 |
MD score | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 8.5 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 0.925 |
Dietary intakes | |||||
Energy (kcal) | 2959.5 ± 623.1 | 2907.2 ± 473.3 | 2801.1 ± 599.8 | 3260.1 ± 902.8 | 0.334 |
Total protein (g/day) | 116.9 ± 27.6 | 112.1 ± 20.1 | 111.3 ± 24.7 | 134.4 ± 40.2 | 0.164 |
Animal protein (g/day) | 74.4 ± 21.7 | 72.6 ± 17.8 | 69.4 ± 19.4 | 84.3 ± 31.3 | 0.386 |
Vegetal protein (g/day) | 42.5 ± 14.9 | 39.5 ± 10.5 | 41.8 ± 14.2 | 50.1 ± 22.7 | 0.300 |
Lipids (g/day) | 133.1 ± 27.8 | 134.8 ± 24.9 | 126.1 ± 21.9 | 137.4 ± 40.8 | 0.706 |
Cholesterol (g/day) | 389.0 ± 109.5 | 386.8 ± 78.1 | 366.3 ± 112.7 | 420.0 ± 167.7 | 0.649 |
SFA | 36.3 ± 10.2 | 37.2 ± 9.9 | 33.2 ± 8.7 | 37.6 ± 13.1 | 0.633 |
MUFA | 64.4 ± 12.9 | 64.9 ± 13.2 | 62.5 ± 11.4 | 65.7 ± 15.7 | 0.879 |
PUFA | 22.2 ± 9.0 | 22.5 ± 9.0 | 20.9 ± 7.7 | 23.1 ± 11.4 | 0.889 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 308.5 ± 95.5 | 298.6 ± 82.1 | 288.6 ± 93.8 | 353.9 ± 123.9 | 0.362 |
Polysaccharides (g/day) | 172.4 ± 75.7 | 166.2 ± 65.8 | 166.8 ± 78.2 | 193.1 ± 100.5 | 0.728 |
Total dietary fiber (g/day) | 33.1 ± 12.1 | 31.6 ± 7.9 | 31.5 ± 10.9 | 38.6 ± 19.7 | 0.414 |
Vitamin A (mcg/day) | 1243.3 ± 520.8 | 1312.5 ± 507.9 | 1024.6 ± 518.9 | 1335.2 ± 557.7 | 0.398 |
Retinoids (mcg/day) | 325.5 ± 132.7 | 341.4 ± 128.6 | 286.4 ± 117.9 | 333.1 ± 166.4 | 0.635 |
Carotenoids (mcg/day) | 5499.37 ± 3018.4 | 5818.7 ± 3220.7 | 4422.0 ± 3135.2 | 6000.77 ± 2458.3 | 0.514 |
Vitamin D (mcg/day) | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.406 |
Vitamin E (mg/day) | 18.7 ± 6.1 | 19.0 ± 6.5 | 17.6 ± 4.5 | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 0.845 |
Thiamine (mg/day) | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 0.408 |
Riboflavin (mg/day) | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.224 |
Niacin (mg/day) | 27.8 ± 7.2 | 27.4 ± 5.5 | 26.2 ± 6.8 | 30.98 ± 10.8 | 0.430 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.11 ± 1.2 | 0.766 |
Folic acid (mcg/day) | 539.3 ± 197.1 | 532.2 ± 174.6 | 505.1 ± 185.8 | 594.9 ± 269.0 | 0.679 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg/day) | 8.6 ± 3.3 | 8.3 ± 3.0 | 7.7 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 4.7 | 0.228 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 270.3 ± 146.0 | 240.1 ± 104.1 | 256.0 ± 127.1 | 355.6 ± 222.4 | 0.212 |
Numerical data expressed as mean ± SD. The Student’s t-test was performed to assess the significance of the differences in the dietary intakes between the cluster sections in numerical variables and categorical variables, respectively. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. MD: Mediterranean diet adherences value.