Table 3.
CHs employed for different biomedical applications.
| Major Biomedical Applications |
Conductive Hydrogel Polymer | Conductive Hydrogel System | Specific Biomedical Applications | Year | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regenerative medicine |
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) | miRNA/PGPC polyplex encapsulated in PEG hydrogels (miRNA/PGPC@PEG HG) | Intervertebral disc tissue engineering |
2018 | [109] |
| Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) |
Conductive hydrogels (PEDOT/CMCH) | Neural tissue engineering | 2018 | [110] | |
| Polyacrylamide (PAM) | Conducting polymer hydrogel (CPH) based on copolymerized PANI and PAM (PAM/PANI CPH) | Neural tissue engineering | 2020 | [111] | |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA) | HA and Pluronic F-127 (HA-F) | Corneal tissue engineering | 2017 | [112] | |
| Chitosan (CH) | Hemicellulose xylan/CH composite | Osseous tissue engineering | 2016 | [113] | |
| Chitosan (CH) | CH/CG composites | Cartilaginous tissue engineering |
2018 | [114] | |
| Artificial organs | Polypyrrole (PPY) | Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) |
Artificial heart | 2018 | [98] |
| Polyacrylic acid (PAA) | Electrically conducting hydrogel nanocomposite based on silver nanoparticles–polyacrylic acid (PAA) | Artificial muscles | 2014 | [16] | |
| Biosensors | Polyaniline (PANI) | Acid-templated polyaniline (PANI) Poly (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) |
Glucose biosensor | 2007 | [57] |
| Poly(acrylamide-co-lauryl methacrylate) (P(AAM-co-LMA)) | Hybrid latex nanoparticles (HLPs) crosslinked P(AAM-co-LMA) | Motion/respiration biosensor |
2019 | [115] | |
| Polyacrylamide (PAAM) | Bio-conjugated polyacrylamide-based hydrogel (HBPAAM hydrogel) |
Hepatitis B core antigen biosensor |
2020 | [116] | |
| Chitosan (CH) | PAAM–CH–PPy | Wearable biosensor | 2018 | [117] | |
| N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L, L-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) | Peptide hydrogels encapsulating leishmania antigen(N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L, L-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) encapsulating leishmania antigen) | Antigen biosensor | 2017 | [118] | |
| Drug delivery systems |
Alginate (Alg.) | Ionic crosslinked alginate hydrogels (calcium alginate hydrogels) | Drug delivery systems for the treatment of tumors | 2014 | [119] |
| Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) | Sericin/hydrogel scaffold | Controlled drug delivery system | 2019 | [120] | |
| Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) | Poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-PNIPAAM | Near-infrared light-controlled drug delivery system | 2017 | [121] | |
| Phenylboronic acid-grafted γ-Polyglutamic acid (PBA-PGA) | KGM/PBA-PGA | Insulin (Ins) with liraglutide (Lir) delivery system | 2021 | [122] | |
| Poly(acrylamidoglycolic acid) (PAGA) | Poly(acrylamidoglycolic acid) based nanocomposite (PAGA-NC) |
Diclofenac sodium (DCF) delivery system | 2017 | [123] | |
| Wound dressings | Methylacrylate gelatin (GelMA) | GelMA-PDA-ASP nanocomposite hydrogels | Dermal tissue engineering | 2021 | [124] |
| Chitosan (CH) | Silver sulfadiazine loaded CH/PVP | Dermal tissue engineering | 2019 | [125] |