Table 1.
Results comparing DBD and TD groups on behavioral measures and fiber pathway microstructure
| Group differences | DBD mean (SE) | TD mean (SE) | t | Cohen’s d | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavior | |||||
| Conduct problems | 1.03 (0.049) | 0.18 (0.022) | 15.83 | 2.23 | <.001*** +++ |
| CU behaviors | 1.33 (0.052) | 0.67 (0.028) | 11.10 | 1.56 | <.001*** +++ |
| Full Scale IQ | 96.480 (1.303) | 103.893 (1.140) | −4.28 | 0.61 | <.001*** +++ |
| DBD-Hyperactivity/Impulsivity | 2.412 (0.051) | 0.590 (0.048) | 25.88 | 3.69 | <.001*** +++ |
| DBD-Inattention | 2.284 (0.059) | 0.404 (0.043) | 25.89 | 3.65 | <.001*** +++ |
| Microstructure | |||||
| Whole Brain FA | 0.325 (0.002) | 0.326 (0.002) | 0.20 | −0.11 | .85 |
| Whole Brain AD | 0.738 (0.005) | 0.728 (0.005) | 0.75 | 0.2 | .45 |
| Whole Brain RD | 0.491 (0.004) | 0.482 (0.004) | 0.46 | 0.25 | .69 |
| Left hemisphere | |||||
| UF FA | 0.220 (0.003) | 0.238 (0.002) | −3.39 | −0.65 | <.001*** +++ |
| Cingulum FA | 0.228 (0.003) | 0.227 (0.002) | 0.50 | 0.04 | .62 |
| ILF FA | 0.267 (0.003) | 0.283 (0.002) | −3.18 | −0.69 | .0017** +++ |
| IFOF FA | 0.264 (0.002) | 0.277 (0.002) | −3.34 | −0.59 | <.001*** +++ |
| CST FA | 0.347 (0.005) | 0.378 (0.003) | −3.63 | −0.83 | <.001*** +++ |
| UF AD | 0.909 (0.002) | 0.907 (0.002) | 0.01 | 0.09 | .99 |
| Cingulum AD | 0.867 (0.003) | 0.858 (0.001) | 1.61 | 0.41 | .11 |
| ILF AD | 0.890 (0.003) | 0.895 (0.002) | −1.81 | 0.18 | .07 |
| IFOF AD | 0.872 (0.002) | 0.872 (0.002) | −0.66 | 0.01 | .51 |
| CST AD | 0.852 (0.002) | 0.854 (0.002) | −2.04 | 0.09 | .043* + |
| UF RD | 0.653 (0.003) | 0.632 (0.003) | 3.91 | 0.69 | <.001*** +++ |
| Cingulum RD | 0.615 (0.003) | 0.611 (0.002) | 0.03 | 0.19 | .98 |
| ILF RD | 0.592 (0.002) | 0.582 (0.002) | 2.37 | 0.43 | .019** ++ |
| IFOF RD | 0.582 (0.002) | 0.569 (0.002) | 3.23 | 0.6 | .001*** +++ |
| CST RD | 0.496 (0.004) | 0.468 (0.003) | 2.86 | 0.75 | .005** +++ |
| Right hemisphere | |||||
| UF FA | 0.237 (0.003) | 0.255 (0.003) | −2.86 | −0.4 | 0.005 ** +++ |
| Cingulum FA | 0.227 (0.003) | 0.227 (0.002) | 0.28 | 0.004 | 0.782 |
| ILF FA | 0.267 (0.004) | 0.283 (0.003) | −1.85 | −0.5 | 0.067 |
| IFOF FA | 0.257 (0.003) | 0.270 (0.002) | −2.93 | −0.55 | <.001 *** +++ |
| CST FA | 0.329 (0.005) | 0.355 (0.003) | −3.07 | −0.63 | 0.003 ** +++ |
| UF AD | 0.907 (0.002) | 0.907 (0.002) | −0.47 | 0.02 | 0.638 |
| Cingulum AD | 0.863 (0.003) | 0.854 (0.002) | 1.96 | 0.38 | 0.051 |
| ILF AD | 0.861 (0.003) | 0.865 (0.002) | −1.49 | 0.15 | 0.137 |
| IFOF AD | 0.867 (0.002) | 0.865 (0.002) | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.957 |
| CST AD | 0.842 (0.002) | 0.841 (0.002) | −0.5 | 0.08 | 0.612 |
| UF RD | 0.626 (0.003) | 0.607 (0.003) | 2.96 | 0.61 | 0.004 ** +++ |
| Cingulum RD | 0.565 (0.002) | 0.560 (0.002) | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.699 |
| ILF RD | 0.573 (0.003) | 0.561 (0.002) | 3.15 | 0.45 | 0.141 |
| IFOF RD | 0.585 (0.002) | 0.572 (0.002) | 4.03 | 0.58 | <.001 *** +++ |
| CST RD | 0.506 (0.005) | 0.480 (0.003) | 2.18 | 0.68 | 0.031 * + |
AD, axial diffusivity; CST, corticospinal tract; DBD, disruptive behavior disorder; FA, fractional anisotropy; IFOF, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; RD, radial diffusivity; TD, typically developing; UF, uncinate fasciculus. Statistical tests of group differences controlled for sex, whole brain FA, movement, parental income, and IQ.
*
p < .05 (uncorrected).
**
p < .01 (uncorrected).
***
p < .001 (uncorrected).
FDR Correction:
+
q = .25;
++
q = .10;
+++
q = .05.