. 2022 Apr 19;14(9):1691. doi: 10.3390/nu14091691

Table 4.

BMIC of lactating women and UIC of infants.

Author, Year	Country	Sample Size of Infants	Time of Postpartum (Days/Weeks/Months)	BMIC ¹ (µg/L)			UIC ¹ (µg/L)			Comments
*Observational study*
Aakre et al., 2016 [22]	Algeria	289	31.4 days ¹	479			722
Anderson et al., 2010 [24]	Switzerland	875	6–12 months	49			82
Budak et al., 2009 [28]	Turkey	35	5–28 days	33 ²			100
Chen et al., 2020 [30]	China	634	24 weeks	165			216
Costeira et al., 2009 [32]	Portugal	142	3 months	3 days		95	3 days	65
				3 months		70	3 months	96
Chung et al., 2009 [31]	Korea	31	6 weeks	3rd week		1153	3rd week	1651		Small sample size
				6th week		822	6th week	1832		Small sample size
de Lima et al., 2013 [33]	Brazil	33	≤6 months	206			293			Small sample size
Dold et al., 2017 [20]	China, Philippines and Croatia	866	3 months	China (n = 298)		170	China (n = 298)	278
				Philippines (n = 281)		185	Philippines (n = 281)	352
				Croatia (n = 73)		124	Croatia (n = 73)	239
Dumrongwongsiri et al., 2018 [34]	Thailand	71	NS	255			282
Huynh et al., 2017 [38]	Australia	696	3 months	127			198
Isiklar Ozberk et al., 2018 [39]	Turkey	107	NS	97			95
Jin et al., 2021 [40]	New Zealand	87	3 months	69			115
Kart et al., 2021 [41]	Turkey	334	4–6 days	138			142
Kurtoglu et al., 2004 [43]	Turkey	70	5 days	73			24
Liu et al., 2015 [45]	China	343	1 year	Beihai (I-deficient areas) (n = 103)		41	Beihai (I-deficient areas) (n = 28)	65
				Yangcheng and Jiajiazhuang (I-sufficient areas) (n = 91)		346	Yangcheng and Jiajiazhuang (I-sufficient areas) (n = 90)	427
				Pingyao and Jicun (I-excess areas) (n = 99)		942	Pingyao and Jicun (I-excess areas) (n = 124)	1222
Liu et al., 2020 [46]	China	218	0–12 months	Suitable water iodine content areas (n = 97)		312	Suitable water iodine content areas (n = 97)	427
				High water iodine content areas (n = 121)		1006	High water iodine content areas (n = 121)	1222
Mobasseri et al., 2014 [47]	Azerbaijan	106	NS	58			307
Nazeri et al., 2018 [48]	Iran	124	<3 months	100			183
Ordookhani et al., 2007 [50]	Iran	27	37 to 42 weeks	148			271			Small sample size
Osei et al., 2016 [51]	South Africa	100	2–4 months	179			373
Osei et al., 2016 [52]	South Africa	386	6 months	180			345
Pal et al., 2017 [53]	India	128	1–3 months	230			250
Prpić et al., 2021 [57]	Croatia	133	2–96 weeks	121			2–26 weeks (n = 101)	234
							27–96 weeks (n = 32)	209
Skeaff et al., 2005 [59]	New Zealand	230	6–24-month	22			67
Stinca et al., 2017 [60]	Morocco	239	≤8 weeks	42			73
Vermiglio et al., 1992 [62]	Italy	27	5–7 days	Endemic group (n = 11)		33 ²	Endemic group (n = 11)	34 ²		Small sample size
				Control group (n = 16)		43 ²	Control group (n = 16)	43 ²
Wang et al., 2018 [63]	China	106	4–12 weeks	4-week		222 ²	4-week	251
				8-week		175 ²	8-week	183
				12-week		148 ²	12-week	164
Wang et al., 2009 [64]	China	61	0–1 year	163			233
Yan et al., 2005 [65]	China	2537	0–2 years	Urban		136	Urban	236		Huge study in 11 provinces of China
				Rural		158	Rural	247		Huge study in 11 provinces of China
*Interventional study*
Bouhouch et al., 2014 [66]	Morocco	241	0–9 months		Indirect infant supplementation	Direct infant supplementation		Indirect infant supplementation	Direct infant supplementation	One dose of 400 mg iodine as oral iodised oil soon after delivery
				Baseline	41	43	Baseline	73	74
				3-month	61	33	3-month	132	99
				6-month	49	36	6-month	142	122
				9-month	39	26	9-month	97	90
Gebreegziabher et al., 2017 [68]	Ethiopia	101	6 months		Capsule group	I-salt group		Capsule group	I-salt group	225 μg iodine as potassium iodide capsule daily for 6 months or 450 g of appropriately iodized salt (30–40 μg I as KIO3/g of salt) weekly for household consumption for 6 months
				Baseline	149	157	Baseline	234	193
				6-month	104	111	6-month	254	195
Gutierrez-Repiso et al., 2014 [36]	Spain	88	NS	Control group (n = 21)	109		Control group (n = 21)	112		300 µg of iodide (in the form of KI) were given from the first trimester of pregnancy (300 group)
				300 group (n = 67) (300 µg)	178		300 group (n = 67) (300 µg)	215
Kirk et al., 2012 [42]	United States	13	1–8 months	Pre supplementation	53 ²		Pre supplementation	239		Small sample size
				PM supplementation	57 ²		PM supplementation	379
				AM supplementation	57 ²		AM supplementation	324
Nazeri et al., 2017 [69]	Iran	84	1 month		Iodine fortified milk group (n = 40)	Control group (n = 40)		Iodine fortified milk group (n = 40)		Control group (n = 40)	200 mL iodine fortified milk of which provided 150 µg iodine/day, started at the sixth day postpartum and lasted for four weeks
				3–5 days (baseline)	176	215	3–5 days (baseline)	231		193
				7 days	191	176	7 days	169		120
				10 days	217	162	10 days	219		138
				14 days	242	160	14 days	194		116
				1 month	210	142	1 month	230		110
Nøhr et al., 1994 [49]	Denmark	147	5 days	Baseline	34		Baseline	32		Vitamin-mineral preparations containing iodine (with a declared iodine content of 150 µg/tablet).
				Not received iodine supplementation group (n = 94)	34		Not received iodine supplementation group (n = 94)	32
				Tablets containing iodine group (n = 53)	57		Tablets containing iodine group (n = 53)	61

¹ Median used unless mean reported, ² mean, NS, not stated. Reference no. [45] was counted more than once in Section 3.2 because it reported findings in both iodine deficient and sufficient populations.