Tab. I.

Descriptive characteristics of participants by gestational diabetes.

Variables	Categories	Total	Gestational diabetes
			Yes	No
			No. (%)	No. (%)
Mother’s age	< 20	469 (13.19)	9 (6.43)	460 (13.46)
	21-25	1,090 (30.64)	19 (13.57)	1,071 (31.34)
	26-35	1,664 (46.78)	71 (50.71)	1,593 (46.62)
	36-40	253 (7.11)	30 (21.43)	223 (6.53)
	> 41	81 (2.28)	11 (7.86)	70 (2.05)
	P-value*		< 0.001
Living location	Urban	1,528 (45.34)	71 (51.82)	1,599 (45.59)
	Rural	1,842 (54.66)	66 (48.18)	1,908 (54.41)
	P-value		0.135
Education	Illiterate	192 (5.560	12 (8.51)	204 (5.67)
	Under diploma	1,676 (48.51)	69 (48.94)	1,745 (48.53)
	Diploma	1,251 (36.21)	38 (26.95)	1,289 (35.85)
	Academic	336 (9/73)	22 (15.60)	358 (9.96)
	P-value		0.018
Type of delivery	Vaginal	2,340 (68.18)	75 (53.19)	2,415 (67.59)
	Cesarean	1,092 (31.82)	66 (46.81)	1,158 (32.41)
	P value		< 0.001
Birth weight	< 2,500	1,336 (63.30)	33 (47.83)	1,303 (66.96)
	2,500-4,000	637 (31.61)	30 (43.48)	607 (31.19)
	> 4,000	42 (2.08)	6 (8.70)	36 (1.85)
	P-value		< 0.001
Weight gain during pregnancy	0-11.5 kg	332 (10.61)	9 (7.89)	323 (10.72)
	12-14 kg	1,447 (46.26)	64 (56.14)	1,383 (45.89)
	> 14 kg	1,349 (43.13)	41 (35.96)	1,308 (43.40)
	P-value		0.094
Gestational age	> 37 week	1,174 (60.64)	27 (42.19)	1,147 (61.27)
	< 37 week	762 (39.36)	37 (57.81)	725 (38.73)
	P-value		0.002
Abortion	Yes	475 (13.18)	41 (29.08)	434 (12.54)
	No	3,128 (86.82)	100 (70.92)	3,028 (87.46)
	P-value		< 0.001
Birth outcome	Live birth	1,016 (28.20)	27 (10.15)	989 (28.57)
	Stillbirth	1,438 (39.91)	65 (46.10)	1,373 (39.66)
	Infant death	1,149 (31.89)	49 (34.75)	1,100 (31.77)
	P-value		0.049

* P value < 0.05, using the Chi-squared test.