Table 1.
The changes in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO), maximum voluntary concentric contraction (MVC-CON) torque of the knee extensors, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness at contraction, stretching, and palpation in capacitive and resistive electric transfer (CRet) intervention and control groups.
| Baseline | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | Interaction Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVC-ISO (Nm) | CRet group | 154.3 ± 23.1 | 112.1 ± 34.1 * | 132.0 ± 34.8 # | F = 5.44, p < 0.01 |
| Control group | 162.1 ± 22.9 | 98.8 ± 43.7 * | 100.0 ± 34.5 * | ηp2 = 0.179 | |
| MVC-CON (Nm) | CRet group | 164.9 ± 26.7 | 103.6 ± 34.5 * | 141.5 ± 44.7 # | F = 4.70, p = 0.014 |
| Control group | 154.0 ± 19.8 | 82.3 ± 34.3 * | 91.8 ± 34.7 *,# | ηp2 = 0.158 | |
| Knee flexion ROM (°) | CRet group | 138.0 ± 9.6 | 126.7 ± 8.3 * | 135.7 ± 6.3 # | F = 4.21, p = 0.02 |
| Control group | 143.2 ± 8.5 | 136.8 ± 10.9 * | 138.3 ± 10.8 * | ηp2 = 0.144 | |
| Muscle soreness | |||||
| At contraction (mm) | CRet group | 2.2 ± 5.4 | 27.4 ± 15.3 | 17.2 ± 13.4 | F = 1.69, p = 0.195 |
| Control group | 4.9 ± 4.2 | 24.4 ± 12.8 | 23.0 ± 11.5 | ηp2 = 0.063 | |
| At stretching (mm) | CRet group | 25.9 ± 9.1 | 39.4 ± 15.1 | 27.5 ± 13.0 | F = 1.86, p = 0.17 |
| Control group | 34.8 ± 25.0 | 49.8 ± 25.2 | 44.3 ± 26.6 | ηp2 = 0.069 | |
| At palpation (mm) | CRet group | 14.7 ± 10.3 | 45.7 ± 17.3 * | 21.5 ± 14.6 # | F = 5.71, p < 0.01 |
| Control group | 14.7 ± 10.3 | 45.7 ± 17.3 * | 40.4 ± 11.7 * | ηp2 = 0.186 |
*: significant difference from baseline value; #: significant difference from pre-intervention value. Statistical differences fixed at p < 0.05.