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. 2022 Apr 29;23(9):4974. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094974

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) shows histogram of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pancreas of diabetic rats 2 (blue) and 9 months (red) after the onset of diabetes. ROS was also determined in age-matched controls. ROS was significantly (*** p < 0.004) higher after the onset of diabetes lasting 2 months. ROS was significantly (** p < 0.03) higher after the induction of diabetes that lasted 9 months but less dramatic compared to those of diabetes of a shorter duration. ROS was significantly higher in the pancreas of 2-month-old rats in both normal (p < 0.0001) and diabetic (p < 0.000001) conditions compared to that of 9-month-old rats (a). (b) shows the histogram of glutathione (GSH) in the pancreas of diabetic rats 2 (blue) and 9 months (red) after the onset of diabetes. GSH was also determined in age-matched controls. While the GSH level of pancreatic tissues was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced 2 months after the induction of diabetes, that of 9-month-old rats approached control level. The pancreatic GSH content of rats with 9-month-old diabetes was significantly (p < 0.02) higher than those with 2-month-old diabetes (n = 4).