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. 2022 May 2;27(9):2898. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092898

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of coconut oil on artificial particulate matter (APM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP)−induced inflammation in alveolar macrophages (MH−S). Protein levels of (A) tumor necrosis factor−α (TNF−α), (B) interleukin (IL)−1β, and (C) IL−6 in MH−S were determined using enzyme−linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (D,E) Relative gene expression of inflammatory factors in APM/DEP–stimulated MH−S cells. Vehicle control (VC) was treated with cell medium including 10% distilled water. All experiments were independently performed in triplicate. * p < 0.5 or *** p < 0.001 vs. VC; ^# p < 0.05 or ^### p < 0.001 vs. APM; ^§ p < 0.05 or ^§§ p < 0.01, ^§§§ p < 0.001 vs. DEP.