Table 1.
Characteristics of the Nurture Cohort by Baseline Perceived Stress Score (PSS)Tertiles *.
| Variables N (%) or Mean ± SE |
Full (n = 666) | Low Stress (n = 227) |
Moderate Stress (n = 214) |
High Stress (n = 224) |
p-for-Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||||
| Age | 27.3 ± 0.2 | 27.4 ± 0.5 | 27.4 ± 0.5 | 27.0 ± 0.4 | 0.55 |
| Race | 0.23 | ||||
| Black | 477 (71.6) | 168 (74.3) | 144 (67.0) | 165 (73.2) | |
| White | 128 (19.3) | 46 (20.4) | 48 (22.2) | 35 (15.4) | |
| Other ** | 59 (8.9) | 12 (5.3) | 23 (10.7) | 25 (11.4) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.40 | ||||
| (Hispanic/Latinx) | 43 (6.5) | 14 (6.0) | 11 (5.3) | 18 (8.2) | |
| Overweight or Obesity Pre-pregnancy | 393 (59) | 141 (62.3) | 124 57.9) | 128 (56.8) | 0.43 |
| BMI < 25 Pre-pregnancy | 273 (41) | 85 (37.7) | 89 (41.5) | 98 (43.8) | |
| Prenatal diet quality (AHEI) | 42.2 ± 0.5 | 42.2 ± 0.9 | 42.3 ± 0.9 | 42.2 ± 0.9 | 0.96 |
| Married or living with partner | 380 (56.7) | 133 (58.4) | 124 (58.1) | 123 (54.7) | 0.51 |
| Highschool degree or greater | 531 (79.7) | 185 (81.5) | 175 (81.7) | 171 (76.1) | 0.31 |
| Unemployed (looking for work) | 125 (18.8) | 37 (16.4) | 47 (22.0) | 41 (18.4) | 0.27 |
| Low Income(<20,000/year) | 399 (59.9) | 133 (58.5) | 123 (57.2) | 143 (63.9) | 0.33 |
| Number of people living in the home | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 0.61 |
| Perceived Stress Score *** | 12 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.4 | <0.01 |
| Infant | |||||
| Gestational age at birth | 38.6 ± 0.2 | 38.7 ± 0.1 | 38.7 ± 0.1 | 38.4 ± 0.1 | 0.16 |
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score | −0.3 ± 0.1 | −0.3 ± 0.1 | −0.3 ± 0.1 | −0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.64 |
| Small for gestational age (<10th%ile) | 65 (9.8) | 25 (10.8) | 19 (9.1) | 21 (9.5) | 0.65 |
| Large for gestational age (>90th%ile) | 65 (9.8) | 22 (9.9) | 22 (10.2) | 21 (9.3) | 0.73 |
| Sex Male | 341 (51.2) | 114 (49.9) | 112 (52.1) | 116 (51.7) | 0.64 |
| Weeks Breastfed | 14.8 ± 1.5 | 14.8 ± 1.3 | 15.7 ± 1.4 | 13.6 ± 1.3 | 0.56 |
| Breastfed 6 months or greater | 150 (22.5) | 53 (23.5) | 54 (25.3) | 42 (18.9) | 0.28 |
| Breastfed 12 months | 90 (13.5) | 32 (13.9) | 31 (14.5) | 27 (12.2) | 0.65 |
| Rapid weight gain at 12 months | 314 (47.1) | 107 (46.9) | 99 (46.4) | 108 (48.0) | 0.57 |
Trends in baseline demographic characteristics across PSS tertiles using linear regression for continuous variables and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test for categorical variables. * Results pooled over 50 imputations. ** Other includes participants that identified as Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaska Native, more than one race, or other. *** PSS scored from 0–40 with a higher score indicating higher stress.