Table 1.
Examples of cancer-related UPS enzymes. The relevant cancer type information for each gene referenced OMIM (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim) (accessed on 7 March 2022) or The Cancer Genome Atlas data.
| Gene Name | Function in Cancer | Deregulation | Cancer Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | UBA1 | Oncogene | ↑ | LNC [7], SCC [8], MM [9], PM in LC, TC [TCGA] |
| E2 | UBE2A | Oncogene | Mutation, ↑ | HCC [12] CML [13], PM in RCC, CC, HNC [TCGA] |
| UBE2C | Proto-oncogene | ↑ | BC, PC, CRC, OC, Lymphoma [14], PM in RCC, LC, PC [TCGA] | |
| UBE2D | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in RCC [TCGA] | |
| UBE2L | Oncogene | ↑ | NSCLC [10], PM in BC, OC [TCGA] | |
| UBE2N | Oncogene | ↑ | BC, PC, CRC, OC, Lymphoma [14], PM in LC [TCGA] | |
| UBE2S | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in RCC, LC, EC [TCGA] | |
| UBE2T | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in RCC, LC, OC [TCGA] | |
| E3 | APC3 (CDC27) | Tumor suppressor | Mutation, ↑ | PC [15], PM in RCC, CRC, LC, LNC [TCGA] |
| BRCA1 | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | Familial BC, OC [OMIM 113705] | |
| CBL | Proto-oncogene | Mutation | Leukemia [OMIM 165360] | |
| FBW7 | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | BRC, CRC, EC [16], PM in RCC [TCGA] | |
| MDM2 | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in EC, CC [TCGA] | |
| SKP2 | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in RCC, Melanoma, OC [TCGA] | |
| PAKN2 | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | LNC, OC [OMIM 602544] | |
| VHL | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | RCC [OMIM 608537], PM in LC, BC, SC [TCGA] | |
| DUB | BAP1 | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | BC, LC, RCC [OMIM 603089], PM in RCC [TCGA] |
| CYLD | Tumor suppressor/Oncogene | Mutation | Familial cylindromatosis, Trichoepithelioma [OMIM 605018] | |
| FANCL | Tumor suppressor | Mutation | Fanconi leukemia [OMIM 608111], PM in RCC, LC, UC [TCGA] | |
| TNFAIP3 | Tumor suppressor/Oncogene | Mutation, ↑ | BC, Lymphomas [OMIM 191163], PM in RCC [TCGA] | |
| USP4 | Oncogene | Mutation, ↑ | LNC [OMIM 603486], PM in RCC, LNC [TCGA] | |
| USP7 | Tumor suppressor/Oncogene | ↑ | OC [17], Glioma [18], PM in RCC [TCGA] | |
| USP14 | Oncogene | ↑ | PM in LC, HNC, OC [TCGA] | |
| USP28 | Oncogene | ↑ | BC [19], CRC [20] | |
| USP42 | Oncogene | ↑ | GC [21] |
Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; BRC, bladder cancer; CC, cervical cancer; CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia; CRC, colorectal cancer; EC, endometrial cancer; GC, gastric cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HNC, head and neck cancer; LC, liver cancer; LNC, Lung cancer; NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer; MM, multiple melanoma; OC, ovarian cancer; PC, pancreatic cancer; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SC, stomach cancer; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; TC, thyroid cancer; UC, urothelial cancer; ↑, Upregulation; PM, Prognostic marker; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.