Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects.
| Variables | Male | Female | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | 14,516,804 | 12,474,625 | |
| Age (year) | 47.71 ± 13.7 | 50.19 ± 14.37 | <0.0001 |
| 20 to 39 | 4,415,937 (30.42) | 2,769,241 (22.20) | <0.0001 |
| 40 to 64 | 8,296,562 (57.15) | 7,659,563 (61.40) | <0.0001 |
| ≥65 | 1,804,305 (12.43) | 2,045,821 (16.40) | <0.0001 |
| Low-income | 2,105,800 (14.51) | 2,889,503 (23.16) | <0.0001 |
| Large city residents | 6,286,419 (43.30) | 5,685,870 (45.58) | <0.0001 |
| Past or present smokers | 10,023,308 (69.05) | 669,206 (5.36) | <0.0001 |
| Regular exercise | 3,367,994 (23.20) | 2,252,416 (18.06) | <0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 170.53 ± 6.49 | 157.08 ± 6.23 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.26 ± 10.99 | 57.27 ± 8.88 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.29 ± 8.11 | 76.48 ± 9.14 | <0.0001 |
| Abdominal obesity | 3,547,448 (24.44) | 2,309,114 (18.51) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.45 ± 3.15 | 23.22 ± 3.46 | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25) | 5,853,936 (40.33) | 3,332,743 (26.72) | <0.0001 |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 287,186 (1.98) | 695,849 (5.58) | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 124.23 ± 13.38 | 119.01 ± 14.98 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.68 ± 9.41 | 73.71 ± 9.68 | <0.0001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 101.42 ± 24.84 | 96.48 ± 20.49 | <0.0001 |
| T-C (mg/dL) | 193.64 ± 36.75 | 195.26 ± 37.07 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dL) * | 123.55 (123.51–123.59) | 92.24 (92.21–92.27) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.09 ± 13.33 | 59.81 ± 14.68 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 113.43 ± 35.97 | 114.15 ± 34.98 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 2,164,785 (14.91) | 1,582,426 (12.69) | <0.0001 |
| Drinking | <0.0001 | ||
| Nondrinkers | 4,648,007 (32.02) | 8,934,014 (71.62) | |
| ≤7.0 g/d | 3,194,505 (22.01) | 2,446,858 (19.61) | |
| 7.1 to 14.0 g/d | 2,306,251 (15.89) | 563,425 (4.52) | |
| 14.1 to 28.0 g/d | 2,321,398 (15.99) | 347,776 (2.79) | |
| ≥28.1 g/d | 2,046,643 (14.1) | 182,552 (1.46) | |
| Binge drinking † | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 13,665,462 (94.14) | 12,272,085 (98.38) | |
| Yes | 851,342 (5.86) | 202,540 (1.62) |
p values were obtained by t-test for continuous variables and by chi-squared test for categorical variables. Data are expressed as number (%) or mean ± standard error. *—geometric mean (95% confidence interval), †—binge, 5 or more drinks in a 2 h time frame in men, 4 or more in women, low-income group— lower 20% or Medical Aid Program, large city residents—residents of Seoul or metropolitan cities, regular exercise—moderate intensity/30 min or more/5 times or more per week or severe intensity/20 min or more/3 times or more per week, abdominal obesity—waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 85 cm in women, BMI—body mass index, SBP—systolic blood pressure, DBP—diastolic blood pressure, FPG—fasting plasma glucose, T-C—total cholesterol, TG—triglyceride, HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL—low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.