Table 1.

AT-MSC-Exo-sourced molecules responsible for therapeutic effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neurological and retinal diseases.

AT-MSC-Exo-Sourced Molecule(s)	Mechanism(s) of Action	Therapeutic Effect(s)	Ref.
miR-486-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-191-5p, miR-222-3p and miR146a	Modulation of gene expression in neural and retinal cells	Improved survival of injured neural and retinal cells	[20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
ADAM9, ADAM10	Inhibition of tissue degrading enzymes in immune cells	Enhanced regeneration of injured neuronal and retinal tissues	[27]
CACNA2D1, NOTCH2, WNT4, PAI-1	Increased survival and proliferation of injured neural cells	Enhanced neuritogenesis	[27]
MMP-2 and MMP-9	Remodeling of extracellular matrix in inflamed tissues	Enhanced regeneration of injured neuronal and retinal tissues	[27]
TP2B1, ATP1A1, PRDX-1,-2,-4,-6	Inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species in activated immune cells	Attenuation of oxidative stress in injured neural and retinal cells	[27]
GDNF, FGF-1, BDNF, IGF-1, NGF	Trophic support to the injured neurons	Enhanced axonal regeneration	[27]
TGF-β and NO	Cell cycle arrest of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes	Reduced presence of inflammatory cells in injured neuronal and retinal tissues	[19]
IDO	Expansion of T regulatory cells	Creation of immunosuppressive microenvironment in inflamed neural and retinal tissues	[19]
HO-1, PGE2, IL-10, IL-35 and IL-1Ra	Generation of tolerogenic DCs, alternatively activated macrophages, and T regulatory cells	Attenuated neuroinflammation	[19]