Table 2.

Animal studies demonstrating therapeutic effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases.

Animal Model of Neural and Retinal Disease	AT-MSC-Exo-Sourced Molecule(s)	Mechanism(s) of Action	Therapeutic Effects	Ref.
radiation-induced brain injury	Sirtuin 1	attenuated activation of M1 microglia	alleviated brain inflammation and increased survival of hippocampal cells	[29]
traumatic brain injury	IL-10	suppressed activation of M1 microglia	attenuated neuroinflammation and enhanced neurogenesis	[30]
acute sciatic nerve injury	GDNF, FGF-1, BDNF, IGF-1, NGF	trophic support to injured neurons	improved survival of neural cells and enhanced sciatic nerve regeneration	[31]
spinal cord injury	miR-499a-5p	modulation of JNK)/c-jun-signaling pathway	reduced apoptosis of injured neurons	[32]
spinal cord injury	LncGm37494 RNA	inhibition of miR-130b-3p expression in M1 microglia	attenuated neuroinflammation; significantly improved functional recovery of the hind limbs	[34]
multiple sclerosis	IL-10, PGE2, TGF-β	Reduced production of inflammatory cytokines in Th1 and Th17 cells	attenuated neuroinflammation; enhanced survival of neurons; improved functional recovery	[38]
Alzheimer’s disease	filamin-A, vinculin, neuropilin-1, neuroplastin, glia-derived nexin, flotillin-1, drebrin, teneurin-4	trophic support to injured neurons	enhanced neurogenesis and axonal regeneration	[39]
Parkinson’s disease	miR-188-3p	Suppressed NLRP3-dependent generation of IL-1β and IL-18 in microglia; reduced expression of autophagy-related genes in dopaminergic neurons	attenuated neuroinflammation; enhanced survival of dopaminergic neurons	[42]
retinal injury	NGF, BDNF, GDNF	trophic support to retinal cells	enhanced neuritogenesis; reduced injury of retinal cells	[53]
diabetic retinopathy	miRNA-192 and miRNA-222	Suppressed synthesis of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages; Modulated synthesis of vasoactive factors in endothelial cells;	attenuated inflammation; regulated retinal vascularization	[57,58]