Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study population.
| Reference population (n = 4764) | Type 2 diabetes only (n = 268) | Depression only (n = 1224) | Comorbidity (n = 116) | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring | Observations (N) | Mean (SD)/ median (IQR) or N (%) | Observations (N) | Mean (SD)/ median (IQR) or N (%) | Observations (N) | Mean (SD)/ median (IQR) or N (%) | Observations (N) | Mean (SD)/ median (IQR) or N (%) | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Females | 4764 | 2460 (51.6%) | 268 | 112 (41.8%) | 1224 | 794 (64.9%) | 116 | 60 (51.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Males | 4764 | 2304 (48.4%) | 268 | 156 (58.2%) | 1224 | 631 (35.1%) | 116 | 56 (48.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Birth weight (g) | 4764 | 3555 (503) | 268 | 3497 (464) | 1224 | 3537 (491) | 116 | 3447 (545) | 0.02 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 4764 | 40.3 (1.5) | 268 | 40.3 (1.5) | 1224 | 40.4 (1.4) | 116 | 40.3 (1.5) | 0.65 |
| BMI 7 years (kg/m2) | 2875 | 15.6 (1.8) | 155 | 16.1 (2.2) | 721 | 15.6 (1.8) | 67 | 16.5 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
| BMI 31 years (kg/m2)a | 3162 | 24.3 (3.9) | 182 | 29.1 (5.9) | 780 | 24.5 (4.2) | 78 | 29.0 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| BMI 46 years (kg/m2) | 3885 | 26.4 (4.4) | 214 | 32.8 (5.9) | 1038 | 27.2 (5.1) | 90 | 33.2 (7.5) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight at 7 years | 2875 | 179 (6.2%) | 268 | 14 (5.2%) | 1224 | 53 (4.3%) | 116 | 6 (5.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight at 31 years | 4764 | 998 (21%) | 268 | 112 (41.8%) | 1224 | 262 (21.4%) | 116 | 51 (44%) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight at both 7 years and 31 years | 4764 | 148 (3.1%) | 268 | 21 (7.8%) | 1224 | 42 (3.4%) | 116 | 10 (8.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose at 31 years (mmol/L) | 3124 | 5 (0.6) | 182 | 5.5 (1.7) | 766 | 4.9 (0.5) | 77 | 5.7 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin at 31 years (uIU/mL)a | 3106 | 8.2 (4.5) | 181 | 13.9 (14.5) | 764 | 8.3 (7.9) | 78 | 10.9 (5.7) | <0.0001 |
| 2 hr PG measured at 46 yearsa | 3375 | 5.7 (1.4) | 111 | 9.5 (3) | 877 | 5.8 (1.5) | 43 | 10.1 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| Smokers at 31 years | 4247 | 1080 (25.4%) | 235 | 88 (37.5%) | 1065 | 320 (30.1%) | 95 | 44 (46.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Education at 31 years | 3762 | - | 202 | - | 896 | - | 86 | - | 0.02 |
| Basic elementary | - | 156 (4.1%) | - | 14 (6.9%) | - | 56 (6.3%) | - | 5 (5.8%) | - |
| Secondary | - | 2933 (77.9%) | - | 165 (81.7%) | - | 719 (80.3%) | - | 72 (83.2%) | - |
| Higher | - | 673 (17.9%) | - | 23 (11.4%) | - | 121 (13.5%) | - | 9 (10.5%) | - |
| Physical activity (MET hr/wk)a | 4170 | 13.8 (0.8) | 229 | 11.3 (0.8) | 1051 | 12.3 (1.3) | 93 | 9.8 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Unhealthy diet score | 4205 | 2.03 (0.31) | 227 | 2.22 (0.59) | 1054 | 2.12 (0.30) | 92 | 2.31 (0.66) | 0.002 |
| C-Reactive Proteina | 3539 | 1.4 (0.63) | 211 | 3.4 (0.29) | 945 | 2.0 (0.56) | 86 | 3.9 (0.29) | <0.0001 |
P-value for differences between groups were calculated using t-test and one-way non-parametric test.
BMI body mass index, PG postload glucose, MET metabolic equivalent of a task
aValues are percentages for categorical variables, mean (SD) for continuous variables with normal distribution and median (IQR) for skewed variables.