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. 2022 Apr 26;11(9):1464. doi: 10.3390/cells11091464

Table 3.

Neural scaffolds for MSCs.

Scaffold Material MSCs Source Additional Information Observed Result Bibliography
carbon nanotubes bone marrow (c) Single/multi-COOH group addition
  • -

    Increased expression of neuronal markers in vitro

 [124]
collagen hydrogel
+ carbon nanotubes		 bone marrow (r) Ns
  • -

    Increased secretion of neurotrophic factors compared to 2D conditions

  • -

    Increased expression of neural markers compared to collagen scaffold

 [120]
chitosan umbilical cord (h) BDNF incorporation
  • -

    Any toxic effect observed

  • -

    BDNF released by scaffold for 30 div

 [118]
collagen bone marrow (r) Ns
  • -

    Increased survival rate in vivo and improved behavioural outcomes

  • -

    Activation of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages in vivo

 [125]
collagen placenta (h) Linear ordered fibres
  • -

    Promotion of axonal regeneration, synapse formation and remyelination in vivo

 [121]
collagen umbilical cord (h) Ns
  • -

    Promotion of endogenous neurogenesis, neuron maturation, remyelination, and synapse formation in vivo

  • -

    Improved locomotor recovery

 [117,126]
fibrin or platelet lysate Wharton jelly (h) Hydrogels consisted of fibrin or platelet lysat with 5% or 21% of oxygen in the atmosphere
  • -

    Increased expression of neural markers compared to 2D conditions

  • -

    Increased expression of neurotrophic factors

  • -

    Reduced mortality of hippocampal cells under oxygen–glucose deprivation

 [127]
gelatine sponge bone marrow (c) Genetically modified MSCs overexpressing TrkC—receptor for NT3,
coculture with Schwann cells overexpressing NT3
  • -

    Differentiation into neuron-like cells with electrophysiological function and formation of synapse structures in vitro

  • -

    Regeneration of nerve tract in vivo,

  • -

    Motor function improvement in paralysed limb

 [116]
gelatine sponge bone marrow (r) Genetically modified MSCs overexpressing NT-3 and receptor of NT-3: TrkC
  • -

    Differentiation into neural-like cell in vitro

  • -

    Transdifferentiation into myelin-forming cells in vivo

  • -

    Promotion of host axonal regeneration and survival of host neurons in vivo

 [128]
PLGA bone marrow (r) Ns
  • -

    Expression of MAP2 by MSCs in vitro and in vivo

 [129]
PLGA nanofibers dental pulp (h) Aligned and nonaligned fibres,
NGF incorporation
  • -

    Upregulation of nestin expression

 [115]
PLLA nanofibers conjunctiva (h) Electrospinning
  • -

    Expression of neurocytes marker

 [130]
rGO+PEDOT rat (ns) Provided electric stimulation by triboelectric nanogenerator
  • -

    Enhanced proliferation of MSCs

  • -

    Improved neural differentiation

 [123]
silk fibroin bone marrow (h) Integrin-binding laminin peptide motifs (YIGSR, GYIGSR) incorporation
  • -

    Promotion of MSCs stemness

  • -

    Induction of neural differentiation in neural culture medium

 [119]
silk fibroin, rGO conjunctiva (h) Electrical stimulation with 100 Hz or 0.1 Hz
  • -

    Increased expression of neuronal markers under 100 Hz stimulation

 [122]

Abbreviations: c—canine, h—human, r—rat, ns—not specified; BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor, NGF—nerve growth factor, NT3—neutrotrophin 3, PEDOT—poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, PLGA—poly(lactic-coglycolic) acid, PLLA—poly-L-lactic acid, rGO—reduced graphene oxide, TrkC—tropomyosin receptor kinase C.