Table 2.
Differences in unstimulated (UNST) and lipopolysaccharide + phytohemagglutinin-stimulated (STIM) changes in various immune profiles in healthy controls (HC) and patients divided into those with high adverse childhood experiences (ACE ≥ 3) versus those with lower (ACE < 3) ACE scores.
| Variables (z Scores) | HC a n = 20 | ACE < 3 b n = 11 | ACE ≥ 3 c n = 19 | Wald df = 2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | UNST | −0.879 (0.061) | −0.867 (0.068) | −0.837 (0.060) | 7.80 | 0.020 |
| STIM | 0.607 (0.043) c | 0.762 (0.132) | 1.269 (0.227) a | |||
| Th1 | UNST | −1.385 (0.074) | −1.549 (0.086) | −1.484 (0.058) | 8.05 | 0.018 |
| STIM | 0.222 (0.085) c | 0.284 (0.152) | 0.776 (0.237) a | |||
| Th17 | UNST | −1.672 (0.058) | −1.693 (0.043) | −1.743 (0.004) | 6.74 | 0.039 |
| STIM | 0.266 (0.073) c | 0.370 (0.103) | 0.738 (0.196) a | |||
| Th2 | UNST | −1.324 (0.074) | −1.345 (0.617) | −1.299 (0.084) | 12.14 | 0.002 |
| STIM | 0.061 (0.089) c | 0.304 (0.198) | 0.902 (0.269) a | |||
| IRS | UNST | −1.521 (0.095) | −1.566 (0.110) | −1.496 (0.096) | 12.65 | 0.002 |
| STIM | 0.123 (0.049) c | 0.309 (0.160) c | 0.885 (0.234) a | |||
| CIRS | UNST | −0.924 (0.060) | −0.918 (0.067) | −0.787 (0.091) | 5.07 | 0.079 |
| STIM | 0.664 (0.083) | 0.807 (0.139) | 1.210 (0.175) | |||
| Tcell | UNST | −1.471 (0.092) | −1.518 (0.119) | −1.370 (0.146) | 13.73 | 0.001 |
| STIM | 0.032 (0.048) c | 0.194 (0.175) c | 0.846 (0.242) a | |||
| GF | UNST | −0.849 (0.098) | −0.828 (0.132) | −0.649 (0.149) | 13.88 | 0.003 |
| STIM | 0.474 (0.014) c | 0.717 (0.172) | 1.213 (0.235) a | |||
| NT | UNST | −1.615 (0.102) | −1.682 (0.117) | −1.687 (0.063) | 9.15 | 0.010 |
| STIM | 0.266 (0.065) c | 0.367 (0.117) | 0.799 (0.197) a |
Results of GEE analyses with immune profiles as dependent variables and time, group (depression versus controls), and time by group interactions as explanatory variables and age, sex, body mass index, and tobacco use as covariates. Shown are the time x group effects (Wald) with a, b, c indicating pairwise comparisons among the sample means; df: degrees of freedom; UNST: unstimulated whole blood cultures; STIM: stimulated whole blood cultures. All data are shown as estimated marginal means (mean ±SE). See ESF Table S2 for explanation of the profiles and cytokines measured in this study. M1: M1 macrophage; Th: T helper; IRS: immune-inflammatory response system; CIRS: compensatory immunoregulatory response system; Tcell: T cell growth; GF: growth factors; NT: neuroimmunotoxicity. Significant p values are shown in bold.