Table 3.
Differences in lipopolysaccharide + phytohemagglutinin-stimulated changes in cytokines/growth factors in healthy controls (HC) and patients divided into those with high adverse childhood experiences (ACE ≥ 3) versus those with lower (ACE < 3) scores.
| Variables (z Scores) | HC a | ACE < 3 b | ACE > 3 c | Wald (df = 2) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sIL-1RA | −0.272 (0.041) c | −0.053 (0.125) | 0.386 (0.229) a | 17.17 (G) | <0.001 |
| IL-2 | −0.222 (0.113) | 0.088 (0.131) c | 0.653 (0.200) a | 6.34 (T x G) | 0.042 |
| IL-5 | −0.303 (0.135) c | 0.053 (0.246) | 0.764 (0.361) a | 11.24 (T X G) | 0.005 |
| CXCL8 | −0.155 (0.018) c | 0.294 (0.357) | 0.900 (0.392) a | 9.20 (T X G) | 0.010 |
| IL-9 | −0.268 (0.034) c | 0.116 (0.281) | 0.812 (0.358) a | 9.80 (T X G) | 0.007 |
| IL-12 | −0.450 (0.031) c | −0.325 0.102 | −0.002 0.164 a | 7.29 (G) | 0.026 |
| IL-15 | 0.023 (0.029) c | 0.236 (0.191) | 0.728 (0.229) a | 14.34 (T X G) | <0.001 |
| IL-17 | 0.007 (0.063) c | 0.187 (0.180) | 0.731 (0.230) a | 10.49 (T X G) | 0.005 |
| FGF | −0.757 (0.025) c | −0.746 (0.044) c | −0.577 (0.044) a, b | 14.45 (G) | 0.006 |
| G-CSF | −0.256 (0.014) c | 0.106 (0.262) | 0.637 (0.354) a | 11.70 (T X G) | 0.003 |
| CXCL10 | −0.809 (0.086) c | -0.659 (0.161) | -0.336 (0.158) a | 6.94 (G) | 0.031 |
| MIP1A | −0.621 (0.085) c | −0.635 (0.107) c | −0.857 (0.031) a, b | 9.94 (G) | 0.007 |
| PDGF | −0.383(0.007) c | −0.043 (0.228) | 0.637 (0.349) a | 10.84 (T X G) | 0.004 |
| CCL5 | −0.023 (0.132) c | 0.229 (0.232) | 0.805 (0.303) a | 7.91 (T X G) | 0.019 |
| TNF-α | −0.283 (0.014) c | −0.041 (0.180) | 0.689 (0.397) a | 7.78 (T X G) | 0.020 |
| VEGF | 0.050 (0.132) c | 0.292 (0.167) | 0.734 (0.211) a | 8.03 (T X G) | 0.018 |
Results of GEE analyses with cytokines/growth factors as dependent variables and time, group (depression versus controls), and time by group interactions as explanatory variables. Shown are the time x group effects (Wald) with a, b, c indicating pairwise comparisons among the groups All data are shown as estimated marginal means (mean ± SE) after covarying for age, sex, smoking, and body mass index. Significant p values are shown in bold.