Table 1.

Comparison of the most commonly used animal models for OA pain.

Model	Species	Procedure	Mechanism of Model	Disease Onset	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
MIA	Rat, mouse	Intra-articular injection of MIA	Disrupt chondrocyte glycolysis via inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase	1 week	Rapid, reproducible, robust pain-like behaviour and peripheral/central sensitization partially characterized.	Extensive and rapidly developing pathology does not mimic human OA.	[109,110,111,112]
ACLT	Dog, Rat	Transection of ACL	Surgical destabilization of the knee	2–3 weeks	Severe OA and subchondral bone destruction, though less rapidly than MIA model.	Technically difficult and time consuming.	[113,114,115]
DMM	Mouse	Transection of medial menisco-tibial ligament	Surgical destabilization of the knee	4–8 weeks	Modest OA, less rapidly than ACLT and MIA model. DMM model amenable to genetic manipulation.	Less difficult than ACLT	[107,112,116,117]

Abbreviation: Monosodium iodoacetate, MIA; Transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, ACLT; Destabilization of medial meniscus, DMM.