Table 1.

List of therapeutic agents and factors available for the management of cancer cachexia.

Treatment Options	Level Decrease	Level Increase	References
Omega-3 fatty acids	decrease TNF-α and IL-1	recover the ability of nutrition	[91,92,93,94,95]
Glucocorticoids	prevent the synthesis/discharge of proinflammatory cytokines
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	reduce inflammation	reduce muscle wasting
Drugs (cytokine inhibition)
Glutamine supplementation		can reduce muscle wasting in cancer patients	[96,97,98]
Megestrol, Dronabinol		increase weight	[99]
Appetite stimulation (cannabinoids or erythropoietin)		ameliorate cachexia	[93,94,100]
Anti-dopaminergics (like metoclopramide
Muscle creation stimulation (branched-chain amino acids
Exercise (strength and aerobic training)	reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels	increases anti-inflammatory cytokine levels	[101]
Ghrelin agonists		therapeutic targeted approaches that reduce wasting in cancer patients	[21]
Androgen receptor agonists
β-blockers
anti-MSTN peptides
Ghrelin analogs	reduce systemic inflammation and muscle catabolism	increase food intake and aid lean body mass retention	[102]
MSTN blockade	reduces inflammation and muscle wasting		[102]
Blockade of Stat3	reduces muscle atrophy and inflammatory cytokine expression		[100]