TABLE 3.
Association of sociodemographic, behavioural, and psychological characteristics with the magnitude of weight loss maintenance
| Magnitude of Weight Loss Maintenance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant Association | ||||
| Correlates | Number of Studies | No Association | Positive | Negative |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Socioeconomic status | 1 | 61,a,b | ||
| Level of education | 1 | 48,c | ||
| Ethnic/racial background | 1 | 48,a,c | ||
| Age | 1 | 24,d | ||
| Weight history | ||||
| Body weight | 1 | 24,d | ||
| Lifetime maximum body weight | 1 | 48,c | ||
| Magnitude of initial weight loss | 3 | 48,c | 24,d 30,d | |
| Duration of initial weight loss maintenance | 3 |
24,d
48,a 30,d |
||
| Trying to lose weight at study entry (rather than maintain) | 1 | 30,d | ||
| Medical trigger (to weight loss) | 1 | 29,d,e | ||
| Behavioural | ||||
| Physical activity | 5 | 23,d 24,d 48,c,f 53,a,g 35,h,i | ||
| Energy intake | 3 | 23,d 24,d 35,h,i | ||
| Protein intake | 1 | 53,a,j | ||
| Fat intake | 3 | 23,d 24,d 48,c | ||
| Carbohydrate intake | 1 | 24,d | ||
| Sweets consumption | 1 | 23,d | ||
| Television viewing | 1 | 23,d | ||
| Fast food consumption | 1 | 24,d | ||
| Coffee or caffeinated beverages | 1 | 58,a,b | ||
| Psychological | ||||
| Weight-related teasingk | 1 | 56,b,e | ||
| Eating restraint | 2 | 56,b,e | 48,c,g | |
| Disinhibition | 3 | 33,d 48,c,g, 30,d | ||
| Internal disinhibition | 2 | 41,l 42,d | ||
| External disinhibition | 2 | 41,l 42,d | ||
| Emotional eating | 1 | 56,b,e | ||
| External eating | 1 | 56,b,e | ||
| Dieting consistency | 1 | 28,d,e | ||
| Neuroticism | 1 | 60,a,j | ||
| Conscientiousness | 1 | 60a,j | ||
| Binge eating | 1 | 47,a,b | ||
Note. Having a healthy eating pattern,64,a,m,n sleep quality,62,a,m and internal orientation (locus of control)67,a were positively associated with weight loss maintenance status. Total support65,a was negatively associated with weight loss maintenance status. Total sabotage65,a was not associated with weight loss maintenance status.
Weight loss maintenance (WLM) at baseline.
WLM expressed as a difference in BMI.
WLM over 10-y follow-up.
WLM at 1-y follow-up.
WLM at 2-y follow-up.
Leisure-time physical activity.
Moderate-plus-vigorous physical activity.
WLM at 3-y follow-up.
Baseline levels were not predictive of weight regain. Decreased physical activity levels or increased energy intake over time was associated with 3-y weight regain.
Association observed only in women.
Retrospective weight-related teasing during childhood and adolescence.
WLM over 5-y follow-up.
Association observed only in men.
Healthy eating pattern = higher consumption of unprocessed cereal, fruit, vegetables, eggs, olive oil, beverages (such as coffee and tea), low-fat dairy, and low-fat cheese; and lower consumption of processed cereal, sweets, spreads/sauces, high-fat cheese, and junk food.