Table 2.
Demographic and clinical data of the participants in the two groups.
| Group A (SUI) (n = 717) |
Group B (UUI/MUI) (n = 209) |
Z/χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64 (62–68) | 66 (62–69) | −2.686 | 0.007 * a |
| Educational level | −0.198 | 0.843 a | ||
| Primary education or less | 224 (31.3%) | 68 (32.6%) | ||
| Secondary education | 424 (59.1%) | 120 (57.4%) | ||
| Tertiary education or above | 69 (9.6%) | 21 (10%) | ||
| Lifetime dominant occupation | −0.545 | 0.586 a | ||
| Mental activity | 115 (16%) | 37 (17.7%) | ||
| Grade I mild 1 | 182 (25.4%) | 46 (22%) | ||
| Grade II moderate 2 | 362 (50.5%) | 103 (49.3%) | ||
| Grade III heavy 3 | 56 (7.8%) | 23 (11%) | ||
| Grade IV extreme heavy 4 | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Height (cm) | 158 (155–161) | 158 (155–160) | −0.527 | 0.598 a |
| Weight (kg) | 62 (56–68)) | 63 (58.25–70.0) | −1.984 | 0.047 * a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.6–26.7) | 25.4 (23.00–27.5) | −2.397 | 0.017 * a |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90 (85–97) | 93 (86–100) | −2.087 | 0.037 * a |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 100 (95–105) | 101 (97.0–106.5) | −1.590 | 0.112 a |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) | 0.9 (0.87–0.95) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | −1.077 | 0.281 a |
| Delivery mode | 2.451 | 0.294 b | ||
| VD | 655 (91.4%) | 186 (89%) | ||
| CS | 57 (7.9%) | 19 (9.1%) | ||
| Both | 5 (0.7%) | 4 (1.9%) | ||
| Delivery with episiotomy | 227 (31.7%) | 58 (27.8%) | 1.264 | 0.531 b |
| Parity | 5.379 | 0.020 * b | ||
| 0–2 | 550 (76.7%) | 176 (84.2%) | ||
| ≥3 | 167 (23.3%) | 33 (15.8%) | ||
| Maximum fetal weight (kg) | 3.20 (3.00–3.50) | 3.25 (3.00–3.60) | −1.462 | 0.144 a |
| Leakage of urine during pregnancy | 42 (5.9%) | 12 (5.7%) | 0.309 | 0.857 b |
| Leakage of urine postpartum | 61 (8.5%) | 18 (8.6%) | 0.013 | 0.993 b |
| Family history of UI | 66 (9.2%) | 29 (13.9%) | 3.835 | 0.147 b |
| Beverage preference | 142 (19.8%) | 33 (15.8%) | 1.702 | 0.192 b |
| Volume of liquid intake (24 h, mL) |
1.828 | 0.401 b | ||
| <1000 | 216 (30.1%) | 57 (27.3%) | ||
| 1000–2000 | 374 (52.2%) | 120 (57.4%) | ||
| >2000 | 127 (17.7%) | 32 (15.3%) | ||
| Menopausal age | 50 (48–53) | 50 (48–52) | −1.100 | 0.271 a |
| Menopause mode | 1.867 | 0.172 b | ||
| Nature | 680 (94.8%) | 193 (92.3%) | ||
| Surgery | 37 (5.2%) | 16 (7.7%) | ||
| Postmenopausal years | 14 (11–20) | 16 (12–21) | −2.863 | 0.004 * a |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic cough | 95 (13.2%) | 53 (25.4%) | 17.671 | <0.001 * b |
| Asthma | 30 (4.2%) | 15 (7.2%) | 3.135 | 0.077 b |
| Diabetes mellitus | 93 (13.0%) | 27 (12.9%) | 0.000 | 0.984 b |
| Constipation | 207 (28.9%) | 69 (33.0%) | 1.328 | 0.249 b |
| Depression | 12 (1.7%) | 4 (1.9%) | 0.000 | 1.000 b |
* p < 0.05; a Mann–Whitney U tests; b chi-squared tests. UI: urinary incontinence; BMI: body mass index; VD: vaginal delivery; CS: cesarean section; PFMS: pelvic floor muscle strength. 1 Manual work or light leg movement (e.g., typing, sewing, etc.); operation of the instrument, upper arm force-based assembly work. 2 Continuous movement of the hands and arms, e.g., sawing wood; arm and leg work (e.g., truck and other construction equipment transport operations); arm and trunk work (e.g., intermittent lifting of medium weights, weeding, fruit picking, etc.). 3 Work with arm and trunk loads (e.g., lifting heavy loads, mowing grass, digging, etc.). 4 Extremely strong physical activities such as digging and carrying with great intensity.