Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Author | Region, Country | Area covered by study | World Bank classification of national income* | Control cohort timeframe | Exposure cohort timeframe | Mean Oxford Stringency index during exposure cohort (range) | Were mitigation measures described |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnaez et al.[37] | Castilla-y-León, Spain | Multicentre | High | 15th March to 3rd May 2015 to 2019 | 15th March to 21st June 2020 | 75.61 (41.20 to 85.19) | Yes |
| Been et al.[41] | Netherlands | National | High | 1st Oct 2010 to 31st March 2020 | 9th March to 16th July 2020 | 65.44 (11.11 to 78.7) | Yes |
| Berghella et al.[3] | Philadelphia, USA | Single centre | High | 1st March to 31st July 2019 | 1st March to 31st July 2020 | 65.03** (16.67 to 95.48) | No |
| Briozzo et al.[38] | Montevideo, Uruguay | Single centre | High | 15th March to 30th September 2019 | 15th March to 30th September 2020 | 50.99 (32.41 to 72.22) | No |
| Caniglia et al.[4] | Botswana | Multicentre | Upper-middle | 1st January to 31st July 2017 to 2019 | 1st January to 31st July 2020 | 86.11 (61.11 to 86.11) | No |
| De Curtis et al.[39] | Lazio, Italy | Single centre | High | 1st March to 31st May 2019 | 1st March to 31st May 2020 | 81.80 (63.89 to 93.52) | No |
| Dell’Utri et al.[40] | Mia, Italy | Single centre | High | 23rd February to 24th June 2019 | 23rd February to 23rd June 2020 | 76.24 (52.78 to 93.52) | Yes |
| Duryea et al.[36] | Texas, USA | Single centre | High | 1st May to 31st October 2019 | 1st May to 31st October 2020 | 57.39 (51.39 to 72.69) | No |
| Friedrich et al.[14] | Israel | Single centre | High | 19th April to 27th June 2019, and 21st March 2011 to 18th April 2020 | 19th March to 27th June 2020 | 78.06 (69.44 to 92.59) | No |
| Greene et al.[15] | California, USA | Single centre | High | 1st January to 29th February 2020 | 1st March to 30th April 2020 | 67.76** (16.67 to 90.91) | Yes |
| Gu et al.[5] | Jiangsu Province, China | Single centre | Upper-middle | 1st January to 28th February 2019 | 1st January to 29th February 2020 | 53.87** (0 to 81.02) | No |
| Handley et al.[16] | Philadelphia, USA | Multicentre | High | 1st March to 30th June 2018 & 2019 | 1st March to 30th June 2020 | 65.64** (16.67 to 85.19) | No |
| Harvey et al.[17] | Tennessee, USA | Multicentre | High | 22nd March to 30th April 2015 to 2019 | 22nd March to 30th April 2020 | 73.94** (66.67 to 75.93) | No |
| Hedermann et al.[18] | Denmark | National | High | 12th March to 14th April 2015 to 2019 | 12th March to 14th April 2020 | 70.18 (37.96 to 72.22) | Yes |
| Janevic et al.[19] | New York City, USA | Multicentre | High | 28th March to 31st July 2019 | 28th March to 31st July 2020 | 79.65** (77.22 to 82.41) | No |
| Justman et al.[20] | Israel | Single centre | High | 1st March to 30th April 2019 | 1st March to 30th April 2020 | 73.69 (37.96 to 72.22) | No |
| Kasuga et al.[21] | Japan | Single centre | High | 1st April to 30th June 2017 to 2019 | 1st April to 30th June 2020 | 38.51 (25.93 to 45.37) | No |
| Kc et al.[12] | Nepal | Multicentre | Lower-middle | 1st January to 20th March 2020 | 21st March to 30th May 2020 | 94.10 (58.33 to 96.30) | Yes |
| Khalil et al.[2] | England, UK | Single centre | High | 1st October 2019 to 31st January 2020 | 1st February to 14th June 2020 | 52.82 (8.33 to 79.63) | No |
| Kirchengast et al.[22] | Venna, Austria | Single centre | High | 1st January to 29th February 2020 and 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2019 | 1st March to 31st July 2020 | 56.18 (11.11 to 81.48) | Yes |
| Kugelman et al.[23] | Haifa, Israel | Single centre | High | 15th March to 12th April 2019 | 15th March to 12th April 2020 | 83.52 (62.96 to 94.44) | Yes |
| Kumar et al.[45] | New Delhi, India | Single centre | Lower-middle | 1st March to 30th September 2020 | 1st March to 30th September 2020 | 72.67 (10.19 to 100) | No |
| Kumari et al.[25] | Jodhpur, India | Multicentre | Lower-middle | 15th January to 24th March 2020 | 25th March to 2nd June 2020 | 90.78 (75.46 to 100) | No |
| Lemon et al.[35] | Pittsburgh, USA | Single centre | High | 1st January 2018 to 31st January 2020 | 1st April 2020 to 27th October 2020 | 65.73 (53.24 to 85.19) | No |
| Li et al.[6] | Wuhan, China | Single centre | Upper-middle | 1st January 2019 to 22nd January 2020 | 23rd January to 24th March 2020 | 83.75** (62.04 to 86.11) | Yes |
| Maeda et al.[42] | Japan | National | High | 8th January to 29th April 2019 | 8th January to 28th April 2020 | 28.97 (2.78 to 47.22) | Yes |
| Main et al.[26] | California, USA | Multicentre | High | 1st April to 31st July 2016 to 2019 | 1st April to 31st July 2020 | 72.08** (67.59 to 82.41) | No |
| Matheson et al.[43] | Melbourne, Australia | Multicentre | High | 1st July to 30th September 2019 | 1st July to 30th September 2020 | 73.20 (68.06 to 75.46) | Yes |
| McDonnell et al.[27] | Dublin, Ireland | Single centre | High | 1st January to 31st July 2018 and 2019 | 1st January to 31st July 2020 | 47.17 (0 to 90.74) | Yes |
| Meyer et al.[28] | Tel Aviv, Israel | Single centre | High | 20th March to 27th June 2019 and 20th March to 27th June 2011 to 2019 | 20th March to 27th June 2020 | 80.80 (75.00 to 94.44) | No |
| Mor et al.[29] | Israel | Single centre | High | 21st February to 30th April 2017 to 2019 | 21st February to 30th April 2020 | 66.72 (19.44 to 94.44) | No |
| Pasternak et al.[30] | Sweden | National | High | 1st April to 31st May 2015 to 2019 | 1st April to 31st May 2020 | 64.54 (59.26 to 64.81) | Yes |
| Philip et al.[1] | Ireland | Single centre | High | 1st January to 30th April 2001 to 2019 | 1st January to 30th April 2020 | 33.78 (0 to 90.74) | Yes |
| Richter et al.[44] | New York City, USA | Single centre | High | 16th March to 15th May 2019 | 16th March to 15th May 2020 | 78.88 (63.89 to 82.41) | Yes |
| Simpson et al.[31] | Ontario, Canada | Multicentre | High | 15th March to 30th September 2015 to 2019 | 15th March to 30th September 2020 | 63.87** (24.07 to 70.83) | No |
| Stowe et al.[32] | England, UK | National | High | 1st April to 30th June 2019 | 1st April to 30th June 2020 | 74.90 (67.59 to 79.63) | No |
| Sun et al.[33] | Sao Paulo, Brazil | Single centre | Upper-middle | 11th March to 11th June 2019 | 11th March to 11th June 2020 | 73.72 (11.11 to 81.02) | No |
| Wood et al.[34] | Boston, USA | Multicentre | High | 1st April to 31st July 2019 | 1st April to 31st July 2020 | 70.36** (62.04 to 75.93) | No |
* Based on GNI per capita 2021.
** Regional/state stringency index score.