Table 3.
Relation between some sociodemographic, occupational characteristics, medical, and ocular history and dry eye tests’ results*
| Schirmer’s test results | OR (CI 95%) | Break Up test results | COR (CI 95%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal N = 99 |
Dry Eye N = 151 |
Normal N = 122 |
Dry eye N = 128 |
|||||||
| No | % | No | % | No | % | No | % | |||
| Age of workers | ||||||||||
|
20- (n = 91) 30- (n = 110) ≥ 40 (n = 49) |
43 42 14 |
47.3 38.2 28.6 |
48 68 35 |
52.7 61.8 71.4 |
1.0 1.45 (0.82–2.54) 2.23 (1.06–4.71)* |
57 48 17 |
62.6 43.6 34.7 |
34 62 32 |
37.4 56.4 65.3 |
1.0 2.16 (1.22–3.8)** 3.15 (1.5–6.5)** |
| Education | ||||||||||
|
Illiterate and primary (n = 23) Preparatory (n = 82) Secondary/diploma(n = 109) University or higher(n = 36) |
15 27 40 17 |
65.2 32.9 36.7 47.2 |
8 55 69 19 |
34.8 67.1 63.3 52.8 |
1.0 3.81 (1.44–10.11)** 3.23 (1.26–8.29)* 2.09 (0.71–6.16) |
19 36 52 15 |
82.6 43.9 47.7 41.7 |
4 46 57 21 |
17.4 56.1 52.3 58.3 |
1.0 6.06 (1.8–19.4)** 5.20 (1.66–16.3)** 6.65 (1.87–23.5)** |
| Residence | ||||||||||
|
Rural (n = 171) Urban (n = 79) |
82 17 |
48.0 21.5 |
89 62 |
52.0 78.5 |
3.36 (1.81–6.21)** |
97 25 |
56.7 31.6 |
74 54 |
43.3 68.4 |
2.83 (1.61–4.96)** |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
|
Unmarried (n = 102) Married (n = 148) |
47 52 |
46.1 35.1 |
55 96 |
53.9 64.9 |
1.57 (0.94–2.64) |
59 63 |
57.8 42.6 |
43 85 |
42.2 57.4 |
1.85 (1.11–3.08) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
|
Non-smoker (n = 76) Smoker (n = 174) |
53 46 |
69.7 26.4 |
23 128 |
30.3 73.6 |
6.4 (3.54–11.61)** |
51 71 |
67.1 40.8 |
25 103 |
32.9 59.2 |
2.95 (1.68–5.2)** |
| Working category | ||||||||||
|
Administrative (n = 43) Marble processing (n = 81) Supportive (n = 66) Installation and ornamental (n = 60) |
19 21 39 20 |
44.2 25.9 59.1 33.3 |
24 60 27 40 |
55.8 74.1 40.9 66.7 |
1.0 2.26 (1.03–4.93)* 0.54 (0.25–1.19) 1.58 (0.70–3.54) |
21 29 43 29 |
48.8 35.8 65.2 48.3 |
22 52 23 31 |
51.2 64.2 34.8 51.7 |
1.0 0.53 (0.25–1.12) 0.51 (0.23–1.11) 1.02 (0.46–2.23) |
| Working duration (years) | ||||||||||
|
˂ 10 (n = 84) 10- (n = 112) ≥ 20 (n = 54) |
49 39 11 |
58.3 34.8 20.4 |
35 73 43 |
41.7 65.2 79.6 |
1.0 2.62 (1.46–4.69)** 5.47(2.47–12.07)** |
57 51 14 |
67.9 45.5 25.9 |
27 61 40 |
32.1 54.5 74.1 |
1.0 2.52 (1.39–4.55)** 6.03 (2.8–12.9)** |
|
Ocular symptoms Absent (n = 116) Present (n = 134) |
70 29 |
60.3 21.6 |
46 105 |
39.7 78.4 |
5.51(3.16–25.1)** |
75 47 |
64.7 35.1 |
41 87 |
35.3 64.9 |
3.38 (2.01–5.69)** |
| General medical history | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 52) No (n = 198) |
7 92 |
13.5 46.5 |
45 106 |
86.5 53.5 |
5.58 (2.39–12.97)** |
17 105 |
32.7 53.0 |
35 93 |
67.3 47.0 |
2.32 (1.22–4.42)** |
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 45) No (n = 205) |
5 94 |
11.1 45.9 |
40 111 |
88.9 54.1 |
6.77 (2.57–17.8)** |
14 108 |
31.1 52.7 |
31 97 |
68.9 47.3 |
2.46 (1.23–4.9)** |
| Allergy to any substance | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 7) No (n = 243) |
1 98 |
14.3 40.3 |
6 145 |
85.7 59.7 |
4.05 (0.48–34.2) |
1 121 |
14.3 49.8 |
6 122 |
85.7 50.2 |
5.95 (0.7–50.1) |
| Ocular medical history | ||||||||||
| Ocular foreign body | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 119) No (n = 131) |
26 73 |
21.8 55.7 |
93 58 |
78.2 44.3 |
4.50 (2.58–7.84)** |
40 82 |
33.6 62.6 |
79 49 |
66.4 37.4 |
3.30 (1.9–5.5)** |
| Eye injury | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 27) No (n = 223) |
5 94 |
18.5 42.2 |
22 129 |
81.5 57.8 |
3.20 (1.17–8.77)* |
7 115 |
25.9 51.6 |
20 108 |
74.1 48.4 |
3.04 (1.23–7.48)* |
| Eye surgery | ||||||||||
|
Yes (n = 20) No (n = 230) |
8 91 |
40.0 39.6 |
12 139 |
60.0 60.4 |
0.98 (0.38–2.49) |
8 114 |
40.0 49.6 |
12 116 |
60.0 50.4 |
1.47 (0.58–3.74) |
*Statistically significant (p value ˂ 0.05).
**High statistically significant (p value < 0.01).