Table 1.
Non-dietary characteristics and intake of energy and energy-adjusted intakes of selected nutrients in the quartiles of total omega-3 PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid
| Variables | Quartile of total omega-3 PUFA g/day | P value | Quartile of dietary alpha-linolenic acid g/day | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1: n = 140, mean = 0.90 | 2: n = 139, mean = 1.43 | 3, n = 140, mean = 1.99 | 4, n = 135, mean = 3.15 | 1: n = 141, mean = 0.70 | 2: n = 139, mean = 1.07 | 3: n = 136, mean = 1.51 | 4: n = 138, mean = 2.52 | |||
| Age (years)a | 67.8 ± 1.8 | 68.0 ± 1.8 | 68.0 ± 2.0 | 67.6 ± 1.9 | 0.283 | 67.8 ± 1.8 | 68.0 ± 1.9 | 67.8 ± 1.8 | 67.8 ± 2.0 | 0.723 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 4.5 | 28.6 ± 4.5 | 29.7 ± 5.0 | 28.1 ± 4.9 | 0.752 | 28.7 ± 4.3 | 28.7 ± 4.7 | 29.2 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 5.2 | 0.979 |
| Physical activity h/week | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.09 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.268 | 4.3 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 3.1 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 4.2 ± 3.2 | 0.222 |
| Multimorbidityc | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | 3.9 ± 2.3 | 4.2 ± 3.2 | 0.825 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.405 |
| Years since menopause (years) | 18.1 ± 4.9 | 19.2 ± 4.7 | 18.4 ± 6.1 | 18.0 ± 5.9 | 0.66 | 18.1 ± 5.4 | 18.5 ± 4.8 | 18.4 ± 4.9 | 18.7 ± 6.6 | 0.479 |
| Current hormone therapy (years)b | 22.5 | 23.7 | 21.7 | 20.9 | 0.66 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 24.5 | 20.3 | 0.749 |
| Current smoking (%) | 6.6 | 3.6 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 0.574 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 0.343 |
| Income per month (euro) | 866 ± 305 | 863 ± 319 | 828 ± 303 | 905 ± 266 | 0.440 | 828 ± 264 | 844 ± 316 | 860 ± 330 | 870 ± 288 | 0.533 |
| Dietary variables | ||||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1690 ± 382 | 1457 ± 325 | 1482 ± 369 | 1646 ± 360 | 0.440 | 1652 ± 367 | 1501 ± 370 | 1514 ± 374 | 1607 ± 361 | 0.387 |
| Protein (g/day) | 66.9 ± 13.0 | 69.7 ± 10.8 | 69.3 ± 11.6 | 67.5 ± 11.5 | 0.736 | 71.6 ± 12.7 | 68.0 ± 10.6 | 68.8 ± 11.7 | 64.9 ± 11.2 | 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 1043 ± 320 | 1050 ± 258 | 965 ± 282 | 959 ± 307 | 0.003 | 1078 ± 305 | 1026 ± 270 | 996 ± 286 | 917 ± 296 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 6.5 ± 4.5 | 7.3 ± 3.7 | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 8.3 ± 5.1 | 0.001 | 8.9 ± 5.4 | 7.1 ± 4.4 | 7.5 ± 4.4 | 7.0 ± 3.9 | 0.003 |
| Alcohol intake per week (g/day) | 8.7 ± 4.5 | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 10.4 ± 16.0 | 10.3 ± 7.8 | 0.806 | 10.4 ± 3.6 | 10.1 ± 4.6 | 8.8 ± 5.7 | 10.3 ± 3.1 | 0.850 |
aANOVA analysis calculated means and standard deviations for continuous variables
bChi-square tests calculated the n and % for categorical variables
cMultimorbidity was defined as presence of two or more long-term health conditions