Table 2.

Relationship between Clk repeat length and annual cycle timing. Estimates from nine linear mixed effects models are shown for the analysis of postjuvenile moult, and autumn and spring migratory restlessness. Reference population for the estimates is Kenyan, reference sex is male.

	Onset			Peak			End
	Estimate ± SE	DF	p	Estimate ± SE	DF	p	Estimate ± SE	DF	p
Postjuvenile moult
Intercept	87.09 ± 54.03	202	0.109	− 19.70 ± 62.07	196	0.751	101.93 ± 60.35	193	0.093
Clk length	10.98 ± 4.26	202	0.011	13.501 ± 4.60	196	0.004	15.48 ± 4.76	193	0.001
Austria	145.34 ± 56.30	202	0.011	235.58 ± 64.24	196	< 0.001	188.90 ± 62.98	193	0.003
Ireland	163.24 ± 63.28	202	0.011	246.16 ± 72.03	196	< 0.001	227.92 ± 70.76	193	0.001
Kazakhstan	140.01 ± 58.21	202	0.017	61.48 ± 71.06	196	0.388	133.73 ± 65.01	193	0.041
Hatch date	16.73 ± 1.58	202	< 2e− 16	0.73 ± 0.08	196	< 2e− 16	14.75 ± 1.78	193	1.85e− 14
Sex	− 0.44 ± 1.35	202	0.744	0.55 ± 1.41	196	0.695	0.42 ± 1.53	193	0.786
Clk : Austria	− 10.63 ± 4.42	202	0.017	− 14.64 ± 4.77	196	0.002	− 15.42 ± 4.95	193	0.002
Clk : Ireland	− 12.35 ± 4.94	202	0.013	− 16.21 ± 5.26	196	0.002	− 18.93 ± 5.52	193	< 0.001
Clk : Kazakhstan	− 13.94 ± 4.58	202	0.003	− 13.84 ± 4.91	196	0.005	− 15.73 ± 5.11	193	0.002
Austria : hatch date	− 6.35 ± 1.80	202	< 0.001	− 0.31 ± 0.09	196	< 0.001	− 7.92 ± 2.04	193	< 0.001
Ireland : hatch date	− 2.10 ± 2.46	202	0.394	− 0.29 ± 0.13	196	0.023	− 12.51 ± 2.82	193	1.57e− 05
Kazakhstan : hatch date	7.58 ± 3.40	202	0.027	0.40 ± 0.17	196	0.021	7.31 ± 3.84	193	0.058
Autumn migratory restlessness
Intercept	1.06 ± 0.56	110.80	0.058	0.78 ± 0.58	79.42	0.183	0.05 ± 0.53	138.76	0.925
Clk length	0.83 ± 0.46	112.08	0.074	1.09 ± 0.45	89.19	0.018	0.35 ± 0.42	173.25	0.406
Austria	− 0.50 ± 0.54	111.25	0.358	− 0.41 ± 0.54	88.99	0.442	− 0.06 ± 0.49	172.69	0.907
Ireland	− 1.03 ± 0.55	111.49	0.064	− 1.48 ± 0.55	88.92	0.008	− 0.96 ± 0.50	173.26	0.058
Kazakhstan	− 2.13 ± 0.55	111.96	< 0.001	− 1.64 ± 0.54	89.12	0.003	0.06 ± 0.50	173.68	0.899
Sex	0.08 ± 0.13	112.75	0.540	− 0.13 ± 0.14	91.10	0.336	− 0.11 ± 0.13	174.34	0.365
Clk : Austria	− 0.73 ± 0.47	111.89	0.119	− 0.90 ± 0.46	89.14	0.054	− 0.32 ± 0.43	173.23	0.460
Clk : Ireland	− 0.68 ± 0.52	112.60	0.189	− 1.05 ± 0.52	89.65	0.044	− 0.48 ± 0.46	173.40	0.301
Clk : Kazakhstan	− 0.75 ± 0.47	112.00	0.113	− 0.81 ± 0.47	89.45	0.085	− 0.06 ± 0.44	173.06	0.895

	Variance	SD		Variance	SD		Variance	SD
Random effects
Bird (intercept)	0	0		0	0		0	0
Cal.year (intercept)	0.02	0.15		0.16	0.40		0.13	0.36
Residual	0.42	0.65		0.40	0.64		0.69	0.83
Spring migratory restlessness
Intercept	1.36 ± 0.24	155.57	4.98e−08	1.24 ± 0.28	84.11	2.78e−05	0.90 ± 0.67	66.40	0.181
Clk length	0.54 ± 0.26	160.91	0.035	0.53 ± 0.38	84.32	0.165	0.50 ± 0.86	94.04	0.56
Austria	− 1.58 ± 0.23	160.20	2.77e−10	− 1.72 ± 0.28	83.84	3.66e−08	− 1.02 ± 0.64	93.82	0.115
Ireland	− 2.39 ± 0.24	161.36	< 2e−16	− 2.59 ± 0.29	83.39	1.52e−13	− 1.63 ± 0.65	93.22	0.014
Kazakhstan	0.08 ± 0.24	160.62	0.748	− 0.18 ± 0.29	83.74	0.528	− 0.54 ± 0.65	93.15	0.411
Sex	0.13 ± 0.06	161.60	0.021	0.19 ± 0.09	71.06	0.049	− 0.08 ± 0.19	78.20	0.653
Clk : Austria	− 0.51 ± 0.26	161.03	0.050	− 0.52 ± 0.39	83.93	0.179	− 0.70 ± 0.87	93.43	0.423
Clk : Ireland	− 0.59 ± 0.26	160.57	0.027	− 0.59 ± 0.40	83.49	0.142	− 0.76 ± 0.90	92.36	0.401
Clk : Kazakhstan	− 0.64 ± 0.26	160.41	0.014	− 0.55 ± 0.39	84.05	0.158	− 0.40 ± 0.87	93.41	0.65

Random effects	Variance	SD		Variance	SD		Variance	SD
Bird (intercept)	0	0		0.01	0.11		0.36	0.60
Cal.year (intercept)	0.01	0.06		0	0		0.14	0.37
Residual	0.12	0.34		0.15	0.39		0.48	0.69

Significant values are in bold.