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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 5.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 5;27(3):1527–1541. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01415-4

Table 1.

Subject characteristics.

MMG Plasma (n=854)
Subject Characteristics Sex ASD Cases
n=414
64 F/350 M		 Controls
n=440
69 F/371M		 Total MMG
133 F/721M		 p-value 1
n % n % n %
Maternal Characteristics
Maternal age <30 years F 27 42.2 23 33.3 50 37.6 0.292
M 177 50.6 144 38.8 321 44.5 0.001
Parental education2 <12 years F 9 14.1 2 2.9 11 8.3 0.070
M 17 4.9 11 3.0 28 3.9 0.098
12 years F 13 20.3 12 17.6 25 18.9
M 102 29.3 89 24.1 191 26.6
13–16 years F 21 32.8 21 30.9 42 31.8
M 126 36.2 134 36.2 260 36.2
>/=17 years F 21 32.8 33 48.5 54 40.9
M 103 29.6 136 36.8 239 33.3
Maternal exposures any time in pregnancy Non-NSAID medications F 22 34.4 29 42.0 51 38.3 0.364
M 138 39.4 128 34.5 266 36.9 0.171
Fever F 5 7.8 3 4.3 8 6.0 0.401
M 22 6.3 17 4.6 39 5.4 0.312
Infection F 40 62.5 42 60.9 82 61.7 0.847
M 231 66.0 218 58.8 449 62.3 0.045
Autoimmune/ allergic disorders F 16 25.0 18 26.1 34 25.6 0.886
M 97 27.7 100 27.0 197 27.3 0.819
Obstetrical/Perinatal Factors
Mode of delivery Caesarean section F 5 7.8 5 7.2 10 7.5 0.902
M 27 7.7 25 6.7 52 7.2 0.613
Child Characteristics
Birth year 2000 F 4 6.3 2 2.9 6 4.5 0.021
M 7 2.0 4 1.1 11 1.5 <0.001
2001 F 3 4.7 5 7.2 8 6.0
M 26 7.4 15 4.0 41 5.7
2002 F 11 17.2 3 4.3 14 10.5
M 52 14.9 30 8.1 82 11.4
2003 F 17 26.6 10 14.5 27 20.3
M 62 17.7 44 11.9 106 14.7
2004 F 7 10.9 9 13.0 16 12.0
M 56 16.0 52 14.0 108 15.0
2005 F 9 14.1 9 13.0 18 13.5
M 50 14.3 51 13.7 101 14.0
2006 F 5 7.8 11 15.9 16 12.0
M 44 12.6 69 18.6 113 15.7
2007 F 7 10.9 9 13.0 16 12.0
M 30 8.6 53 14.3 83 11.5
2008 F 0 0.0 9 13.0 9 6.8
M 22 6.3 45 12.1 67 9.3
2009 F 1 1.6 2 2.9 3 2.3
M 1 0.3 8 2.2 9 1.2
Birth season Winter (Dec-Feb) F 13 20.3 18 26.1 31 23.3 0.347
M 87 24.9 76 20.5 163 22.6 0.093
Spring
(Mar-May)		 F 27 42.2 19 27.5 46 34.6
M 93 26.6 113 30.5 206 28.6
Summer
(Jun-Aug)		 F 14 21.9 17 24.6 31 23.3
M 74 21.1 96 25.9 170 23.6
Fall
(Sept-Nov)		 F 10 15.6 15 21.7 25 18.8
M 96 27.4 86 23.2 182 25.2
GA3 <37 weeks F 4 6.3 5 7.2 9 6.8 0.812
M 27 7.7 16 4.3 43 6.0 0.041
37 to <42 weeks F 56 88.9 59 85.5 115 87.1
M 276 79.1 318 85.9 594 82.6
>/=42 weeks F 3 4.8 5 7.2 8 6.1
M 46 13.2 36 9.7 82 11.4
Birth weight4 <1500 g F 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.597
M 4 1.1 2 0.5 6 0.8 0.363
1500 to <2500 g F 0 0.0 1 1.5 1 0.8
M 13 3.7 8 2.2 21 2.9
2500 to <4000 g F 51 79.7 52 76.5 103 78.0
M 233 66.8 242 65.2 475 66.0
>/=4 000 g F 13 20.3 15 22.1 28 21.2
M 99 28.4 119 32.1 218 30.3
CB Plasma (n=793)
Subject Characteristics Sex ASD Cases
n=398
63 F/335 M		 Controls
n=395
62 F/333 M		 Total MMG
125 F/668 M		 p-value 1
n % n % n %
Maternal Characteristics
Maternal age <30 years F 31 49.2 21 33.9 52 41.6 0.082
M 171 51.0 128 38.4 299 44.8 0.001
Parental education2 <12 years F 8 12.7 2 3.2 10 8.0 0.140
M 19 5.7 12 3.6 31 4.7 0.059
12 years F 11 17.5 9 14.5 20 16.0
M 99 29.6 73 22.1 172 25.9
13–16 years F 23 36.5 21 33.9 44 35.2
M 114 34.1 129 29.0 243 36.5
>/=17 years F 21 33.3 30 48.4 51 40.8
M 102 30.5 117 35.3 291 32.9
Maternal exposures any time in pregnancy Non-NSAID medications F 29 46.0 28 45.2 57 45.6 0.922
M 167 49.9 162 48.6 329 49.3 0.756
Fever F 14 22.2 6 9.7 20 16.0 0.056
M 76 22.7 66 19.8 142 21.3 0.365
Infection F 53 84.1 49 79.0 102 81.6 0.462
M 273 81.5 278 83.5 551 82.5 0.498
Autoimmune/ allergic disorders F 17 27.0 14 22.6 31 24.8 0.569
M 117 34.9 115 34.5 232 34.7 0.916
Obstetrical/Perinatal Factors
Mode of delivery Caesarean section F 6 9.5 2 3.2 8 6.4 0.150
M 19 5.7 15 4.5 34 5.1 0.493
Child Characteristics
Birth year 2000 F 2 3.2 2 3.2 4 3.2 0.058
M 8 2.4 3 0.9 11 1.6 <0.001
2001 F 3 4.8 5 8.1 8 6.4
M 27 8.1 15 4.5 42 6.3
2002 F 11 17.5 3 4.8 14 11.2
M 53 15.8 27 8.1 80 12.0
2003 F 18 28.6 11 17.7 29 23.2
M 63 18.8 45 13.5 108 16.2
2004 F 10 15.9 8 12.9 18 14.4
M 51 15.2 44 13.2 95 14.2
2005 F 9 14.3 8 12.9 17 13.6
M 46 13.7 47 14.1 93 13.9
2006 F 3 4.8 10 16.1 13 10.4
M 38 11.3 60 18.0 98 14.7
2007 F 6 9.5 7 11.3 13 10.4
M 30 9.0 43 12.9 73 10.9
2008 F 1 1.6 6 9.7 7 5.6
M 19 5.7 39 11.7 58 8.7
2009 F 0 0.0 2 3.2 2 1.6
M 0 0.0 10 3.0 10 1.5
Birth season Winter
(Dec-Feb)		 F 12 19.0 16 25.8 28 22.4 0.490
M 79 23.6 69 20.7 148 22.2 0.042
Spring
(Mar-May)		 F 24 38.1 18 29.0 42 33.6
M 89 26.6 103 30.9 192 28.7
Summer
(Jun-Aug)		 F 18 28.6 15 24.2 33 26.4
M 69 20.6 89 26.7 158 23.7
Fall
(Sept-Nov)		 F 9 14.3 13 21.0 22 17.6
M 98 29.3 72 21.6 170 25.4
GA3 <37 weeks F 4 6.5 3 4.8 7 5.6 0.927
M 22 6.6 9 2.7 31 4.7 0.005
37 to <42 weeks F 54 87.1 55 88.7 109 87.9
M 265 79.3 293 88.3 558 83.8
>/=42 weeks F 4 6.5 4 6.5 8 6.5
M 47 14.1 30 9.0 77 11.6
Birth weight4 <1500 g F 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.474
M 1 0.3 0 0.0 1 0.1 0.229
1500 to <2500 g F 1 1.6 0 0.0 1 0.8
M 9 2.7 3 0.9 12 1.8
2500 to <4000 g F 51 81.0 47 77.0 98 79.0
M 224 67.1 222 66.7 446 66.9
>/=4000 g F 11 17.5 14 23.0 25 20.2
M 100 29.9 108 32.4 208 31.2
1

chi-square, 2-sided p-value.

2

Parental education missing: MMG, n=3M, 1F; CB, n=3M.

3

Gestational age missing: MMG, n=2M; CB, n=2M, 1F.

4

Birth weight missing: MMG, n=1M, 1F; CB, n=1M, 1F. ASD autism spectrum disorders, CB cord blood, F female, GA gestational age at birth, M male, MMG maternal mid-gestation.