Table 4.
Covariable associations with leptin and adiponectin concentration
| Maternal and child characteristics | Leptin | Adiponectin | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median, IQR | p-Value | Median, IQR | p-Valuea | |
| Child sex | 0.007 | 0.28 | ||
|
| ||||
| Male | 6.1 (4.5-6.8) | 6.5 (5.3-8.8) | ||
|
| ||||
| Female | 5.5 (4.5-6.3) | 6.2 (5.2-8.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Neonatal fat mass ≥ 90th percentile | 5.6 (4.6-6.8) | 0.88 | 6.9 (5.4-8.4) | 0.65 |
|
|
|
|||
| Neonatal fat mass < 90th percentile | 5.7 (4.5-6.6) | 6.4 (5.3-8.5) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Type of feeding | ||||
|
| ||||
| Breastfed | 5.8 (4.3-6.6) | 0.61 | 6.3 (5.2-8.2) | 0.08 |
|
|
|
|||
| Formula fed only | 5.6 (4.7-6.6) | 6.8 (5.4-9.0) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Child follow-up characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Child BMI ≥ 85th percentile | 4.1 (3.3-5.2) | <0.001 | 7.1 (5.9-9.0) | <0.001 |
|
|
|
|||
| Child BMI < 85th percentile | 6.3 (5.6-6.9) | 5.8 (5.1-7.8) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Child waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile | 3.6 (2.6-4.1) | <0.001 | 8.1 (5.9-10.1) | 0.003 |
|
|
|
|||
| Child waist circumference < 90th percentile | 5.9 (4.9-6.7) | 6.3 (5.2-8.2) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Maternal characteristics at enrollment during index pregnancy | ||||
|
| ||||
| Maternal age ≥ 35 | 5.8 (4.5-6.7) | 0.30 | 6.0 (5.1-7.2) | 0.12 |
|
| ||||
| Maternal age < 35 | 5.7 (4.3-6.6) | 6.4 (5.3-8.6) | ||
|
| ||||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Non-Hispanic white | 6.1 (5.6-6.8) | 5.5 (4.4-6.4) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Hispanic | 5.2 (3.9-6.4) | 7.0 (5.7-8.8) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Other/unknown | 6.2 (5.4-6.9) | 8.6 (6.0-10.3) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Maternal BMI ≥ 30 (kg/m2) | 5.5 (4.0-6.6) | 0.01 | 6.4 (5.3-8.4) | 0.65 |
|
|
|
|||
| Maternal BMI < 30 (kg/m2) | 6.0 (4.9-6.7) | 6.4 (5.2-8.5) | ||
|
|
|
|||
| Maternal tobacco use | 6.1 (4.1-6.8) | 0.32 | 6.5 (5.2-8.8) | 0.71 |
|
|
|
|||
| No maternal tobacco use | 5.6 (4.5-6.6) | 6.3 (5.3-8.4) | ||
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.