a. Peptide stimulation of B15_NQK αβTCR. From left to right: unstimulated (negative control), NQKLIANQF (SARS-CoV-2) peptide stimulation, NQKLIANAF (OC43 and HKU1) peptide stimulation, PMA/Ionomycin (positive control). Top row: IFN-γ production by TCR-expressing Jurkats measured by intracellular cytokine staining. Middle row: CD69+ surface expression. Bottom row: NFAT-GFP reporter expression. b-d. Antibody titers for CCCoV spike protein and number of B15_NQK cross-reactive cells in HLA-B*15:01+ donors. Plasma collected from donors prior to infection or vaccination was tested by ELISA for IgG antibodies to the spike of b, hCoV-OC43 or c, hCoV-HKU1. The normalized ODs are the percent ratio of the sample OD to the OD of the positive control sample for each plate. The dashed line is the threshold for positivity, which is three times the average of the normalized OD for the negative control samples. d, The number of HLA-B*15:01-restricted epitope T cells after infection or vaccination (log-scale).