A. Schematic of human prostatic glands. Both basal and luminal cell compartments harbor differentiated as well as less mature stem/progenitor cells. LP, luminal progenitor; NE, neuroendocrine.
B. Double immunofluorescence staining of CK5 and CK8 in benign human prostatic glands.
C. Human PCa at different clinical stages of development. Shown are 4 representative types of PCa, i.e., primary, regressing tumors (during therapy), recurrent tumors (i.e., CRPC in the prostate) and metastasis in different organs.
D. PCa response to clinical treatments goes through 3 typical phases, i.e., response, adaptation and recurrence. ‘PCa burden’ is measured by serum PSA levels, primary tumor sizes, and imaging analyses. see Text for details.