TABLE 4.

Interpersonal factors affecting family caregiver training in home health care

Interpersonal factor	Factor as facilitator	Factor as barrier
Clinician/caregiver communication regarding caregiver needs: Willingness/ability to discuss caregiver needs	“I always start with ‘What would you like from me?’… usually the caregiver can voice what they need as far as training.” (PT, agency C)	“I cannot force [a caregiver] to come downstairs…to want to take your time out to show me what you know [how] to do already.” (RN, agency A)
Clinician/caregiver relationship and rapport:	“Not all people get along…I think they are more willing to listen if they truly like us.” (RN, agency A)	“Sometimes I'll have another nurse go in… Because sometimes it's just a personality difference.” (RN, agency B)
Clinician/caregiver development of trust:	“If they feel that that nurse cares about them, they are going to open up and they are going to share what their‐‐ what's stopping them.” (RN, agency B)	“Sometimes it takes a couple of sessions to gain their confidence and acceptance of you even being there…They feel it's been forced upon them by the hospital or the doctor.” (PT, agency C)
Clinician/caregiver language or cultural differences:	Clinicians did not identify this factor as a potential facilitator.	“The biggest barrier that we have with anything is pretty much a language barrier.” (RN, agency B)
Caregiver/patient relationship dynamics: Underlying feelings and patterns of behavior attached to the relationship.	“If the caregiver shows compassion [to the patient]… then obviously that kind of sticks out.” (PT, agency C)	“What was that history between this caregiver and the woman who …was kind of a jerk to her family for 40 years? That caregiver's probably not gonna be real receptive.” (RN, agency C)
Caregiver/patient conceptions of the caregiver role: Degree of convergence in expectations and preferences regarding the scope of caregiver involvement.	“If they say ‘I could not do this without my daughter,’… daughter's there on every visit and she texts or calls me, I mean, then I know I have someone really engaged.” (RN, agency A)	“The caregiver's super willing but the patient is the one who's resistant. They want to be independent but it's not possible.” (RN, agency B)
Impact of COVID‐19 on Interpersonal Factors: Heightened emotions for patient and caregiver “Caregivers I feel are more relieved that we are still coming to see their loved one.” (RN, agency B) “People do not want us in their home. They're afraid we are bringing the black plague in, and people have just been unkind, I think.” (RN, agency D) “You can tell people are afraid, and they are afraid of getting sick and being exposed to things, and caregivers and patients alike.” (PT, agency B) “You cannot teach somebody who's anxious. That's a block to learning…” (RN, agency A)