Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to most likely precipitant
| ACS/MI | Pneumonia/infection | Arrhythmia | Non-adherence diet/meds | Other | Uncontrolled hypertension | Worsening renal function | Medication WHF | Pulmonary embolism | None | Unknown | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 2346 (13%) | 1800 (10%) | 1776 (10%) | 1620 (9%) | 1283 (7%) | 1112 (6%) | 423 (2%) | 112 (<1%) | 93 (<1%) | 4320 (23%) | 3668 (20%) |
| Median age (IQR) - yr | 66 (58, 75) | 69 (58, 79) | 71 (61, 79) | 63 (54, 72) | 66 (54, 76) | 66 (57, 76) | 67 (58, 75) | 68 (56, 77) | 67 (52, 77) | 67 (57, 77) | 68 (58, 77) |
| Race - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| Caucasian | 902 (38%) | 793 (44%) | 1172 (66%) | 799 (49%) | 618 (48%) | 579 (52%) | 163 (39%) | 60 (54%) | 48 (52%) | 2528 (59%) | 1994 (54%) |
| Black | 38 (2%) | 48 (3%) | 37 (2%) | 189 (12%) | 57 (4%) | 113 (10%) | 34 (8%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 100 (2%) | 247 (7%) |
| Asian | 1184 (50%) | 730 (41%) | 360 (20%) | 370 (23%) | 431 (34%) | 256 (23%) | 166 (39%) | 37 (33%) | 36 (39%) | 1338 (31%) | 830 (23%) |
| Native American | 35 (1%) | 27 (2%) | 40 (2%) | 44 (3%) | 30 (2%) | 36 (3%) | 21 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 60 (1%) | 81 (2%) |
| Pacific Islander | 2 (<1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (<1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other | 185 (8%) | 202 (11%) | 165 (9%) | 217 (13%) | 147 (11%) | 128 (12%) | 39 (9%) | 11 (10%) | 8 (9%) | 292 (7%) | 516 (14%) |
| DCHF - no. (%) | 1403 (60%) | 715 (40%) | 845 (48%) | 357 (22%) | 490 (38%) | 625 (56%) | 153 (36%) | 30 (27%) | 51 (55%) | 1874 (43%) | 1359 (37%) |
| NYHA class at discharge - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| I | 414 (18%) | 180 (10%) | 203 (12%) | 180 (11%) | 136 (11%) | 212 (19%) | 30 (7%) | 18 (16%) | 7 (8%) | 304 (7%) | 338 (9%) |
| II | 826 (36%) | 725 (42%) | 583 (33%) | 636 (40%) | 382 (31%) | 379 (34%) | 128 (32%) | 36 (33%) | 27 (30%) | 1173 (28%) | 860 (24%) |
| III | 312 (14%) | 314 (18%) | 270 (15%) | 284 (18%) | 201 (16%) | 158 (14%) | 65 (16%) | 21 (19%) | 22 (24%) | 877 (21%) | 462 (13%) |
| IV | 103 (4%) | 47 (3%) | 41 (2%) | 41 (3%) | 37 (3%) | 30 (3%) | 17 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 6 (7%) | 172 (4%) | 127 (4%) |
| Missing/Unknown | 637 (28%) | 467 (27%) | 651 (37%) | 446 (28%) | 487 (39%) | 322 (29%) | 163 (40%) | 31 (28%) | 28 (31%) | 1693 (40%) | 1789 (50%) |
| LVEF Subtype - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| <40 | 1095 (47%) | 800 (44%) | 737 (41%) | 941 (58%) | 661 (52%) | 316 (28%) | 212 (50%) | 61 (54%) | 37 (40%) | 2183 (51%) | 1861 (51%) |
| ≥40 and <50 | 537 (23%) | 273 (15%) | 287 (16%) | 204 (13%) | 166 (13%) | 175 (16%) | 62 (15%) | 17 (15%) | 15 (16%) | 635 (15%) | 500 (14%) |
| ≥50 | 526 (22%) | 579 (32%) | 644 (36%) | 365 (23%) | 370 (29%) | 509 (46%) | 115 (27%) | 27 (24%) | 38 (41%) | 1130 (26%) | 865 (24%) |
| Unknown | 188 (8%) | 148 (8%) | 108 (6%) | 110 (7%) | 86 (7%) | 112 (10%) | 34 (8%) | 7 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 372 (9%) | 442 (12%) |
| Median heart rate (IQR) - bpm | 88 (75, 100) | 88 (76, 102) | 100 (78, 125) | 87 (75, 100) | 84 (71, 100) | 87 (74, 101) | 81 (71, 98) | 82 (72, 95) | 90 (80, 108) | 83 (71, 99) | 85 (72, 100) |
| Median systolic blood pressure (IQR) - mm Hg | 130 (116, 150) | 130 (111, 146) | 130 (112, 145) | 130 (110, 148) | 123 (110, 140) | 168 (144, 190) | 132 (113, 160) | 130 (110, 140) | 120 (110, 140) | 130 (110, 146) | 128 (110, 147) |
| Median diastolic blood pressure (IQR) - mm Hg | 80 (70, 90) | 77 (67, 88) | 80 (70, 90) | 80 (69, 90) | 72 (64, 83) | 92 (80, 106) | 78 (65, 90) | 77 (65, 85) | 76 (70, 90) | 78 (69, 89) | 76 (65, 87) |
| Signs and symptoms - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| Dyspnea at rest | 1789 (83%) | 1464 (86%) | 1287 (80%) | 1264 (87%) | 902 (82%) | 866 (87%) | 327 (86%) | 80 (80%) | 77 (93%) | 3149 (80%) | 2404 (83%) |
| Orthopnea | 1433 (73%) | 1282 (85%) | 1132 (77%) | 1171 (86%) | 744 (75%) | 740 (81%) | 274 (80%) | 74 (80%) | 58 (73%) | 2728 (76%) | 1998 (77%) |
| Peripheral edema | 1114 (52%) | 1170 (70%) | 1170 (70%) | 1207 (78%) | 804 (69%) | 695 (68%) | 309 (78%) | 81 (74%) | 60 (71%) | 2632 (70%) | 2163 (71%) |
| Pulmonary rales | 1333 (68%) | 1312 (82%) | 1072 (70%) | 1008 (70%) | 661 (63%) | 700 (71%) | 249 (71%) | 70 (72%) | 45 (59%) | 2140 (62%) | 1693 (63%) |
| Medical history - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 1495 (64%) | 1126 (63%) | 1167 (66%) | 1061 (65%) | 714 (56%) | 1016 (91%) | 300 (71%) | 68 (61%) | 55 (59%) | 2572 (60%) | 2234 (61%) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 304 (13%) | 584 (32%) | 1185 (67%) | 492 (30%) | 361 (28%) | 201 (18%) | 108 (26%) | 43 (38%) | 22 (24%) | 1345 (31%) | 1121 (31%) |
| COPD/Asthma | 237 (10%) | 426 (24%) | 223 (13%) | 258 (16%) | 184 (14%) | 169 (15%) | 58 (14%) | 12 (11%) | 16 (17%) | 560 (13%) | 512 (14%) |
| Anemia | 1141 (49%) | 879 (49%) | 702 (40%) | 831 (51%) | 737 (57%) | 515 (46%) | 336 (79%) | 66 (59%) | 39 (42%) | 1922 (45%) | 1561 (43%) |
| Valvular heart disease | 148 (6%) | 372 (21%) | 502 (28%) | 355 (22%) | 411 (32%) | 145 (13%) | 83 (20%) | 32 (29%) | 11 (12%) | 983 (23%) | 637 (17%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 2346 (100%) | 790 (44%) | 599 (34%) | 721 (45%) | 486 (38%) | 387 (35%) | 202 (48%) | 46 (41%) | 26 (28%) | 1822 (42%) | 1504 (41%) |
| Diabetes | 1103 (47%) | 700 (39%) | 484 (27%) | 639 (39%) | 441 (34%) | 477 (43%) | 250 (59%) | 49 (44%) | 25 (27%) | 1537 (36%) | 1362 (37%) |
| CKD | 362 (15%) | 351 (20%) | 300 (17%) | 325 (20%) | 267 (21%) | 245 (22%) | 276 (65%) | 22 (20%) | 18 (19%) | 845 (20%) | 755 (21%) |
| Medication at discharge - no. (%) | |||||||||||
| ACEi/ARB/ARNi | 1504 (66%) | 1090 (64%) | 1191 (68%) | 1079 (68%) | 768 (62%) | 851 (78%) | 161 (40%) | 75 (68%) | 58 (64%) | 2824 (67%) | 2295 (64%) |
| MRA | 956 (42%) | 884 (52%) | 848 (49%) | 833 (53%) | 636 (52%) | 374 (34%) | 93 (23%) | 49 (45%) | 50 (56%) | 2382 (57%) | 1747 (49%) |
| Beta-blockers | 1573 (69%) | 1131 (66%) | 1343 (77%) | 1202 (76%) | 866 (70%) | 791 (72%) | 252 (63%) | 75 (68%) | 60 (67%) | 3119 (74%) | 2631 (74%) |
| Diuretics | 1600 (70%) | 1440 (84%) | 1453 (83%) | 1432 (90%) | 1064 (86%) | 869 (79%) | 327 (82%) | 99 (90%) | 69 (77%) | 3739 (89%) | 3061 (86%) |
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin type II receptor blocker; ARNi, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; bpm, beats per minute; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DCHF, decompensated chronic heart failure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.