TABLE 1.
Participant demographics, treatment outcomes by treatment condition, moderation analyses with self-regulation deficits, and post hoc subscale analyses
| Participant demographics | ||
|---|---|---|
| JITAIs-On (N = 29) | JITAIs-Off (N = 26) | |
| Demographic variable | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Age (years) | 38.07 (13.59) | 39.58 (15.04) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.85 (6.87) | 29.28 (6.97) |
| %(N) | %(N) | |
| Gender | Female: 86.2% (25) | Female: 80.8% (21) |
| Male: 13.8% (4) | Male: 15.4% (4) | |
| Non-binary: 0.0% (0) | Non-binary: 3.8% (1) | |
| Race | American Indian/Alaska native: 3.4% (1) | American Indian/Alaska native: 0.0% (0) |
| Asian: 10.3% (3) | Asian: 7.7% (2) | |
| Black/African American: 17.2% (5) | Black/African American: 7.7% (2) | |
| White: 62.1% (18) | White: 73.1% (19) | |
| Other: 13.8% (4) | Other: 7.7% (2) | |
| Multiracial: 3.4% (1) | Multiracial: 7.7% (2) | |
| Unknown or prefer not to say: 0.0% (0) | Unknown or prefer not to say: 3.8% (1) | |
| Ethnicity | Latinx/Hispanic: 3.4% (1) | Latinx/Hispanic: 11.5% (3) |
| Not Latinx/Hispanic: 89.7% (26) | Not Latinx/Hispanic: 88.5% (23) | |
| Not reported: 6.9% (2) | Not reported: 0.0% (0) | |
| Treatment outcomes by treatment condition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline mean (SD) | Comparing baseline ED symptoms | Post-treatment mean (SD) | |||
| Variable | JITAIs-On | JITAIs-Off | t(p) | JITAIs-On | JITAIs-Off |
| Total binge episodes | 21.72 (14.28) | 31.27 (30.03) | −1.48 (.15) | 5.48 (10.26) | 4.62 (7.49) |
| Total compensatory behaviors | 33.62 (25.00) | 30.50 (25.72) | 0.46 (.65) | 11.41 (18.58) | 6.92 (10.75) |
| EDE global score | 3.41 (0.81) | 3.22 (1.11) | 0.73 (.47) | 1.81 (1.25) | 1.56 (0.95) |
| Moderation results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | BN symptom | Time F (p) |
Time by treatment condition F (p) |
Time by moderator F (p) |
Time by treatment condition by moderator F (p) |
Time by treatment condition by moderator ηp2 |
| DERS Total | Binge eating episodes | 6.73 (.012)* | 1.64 (.21) | 0.60 (.44) | 0.69 (.41) | 0.01 |
| DERS Total | Total compensatory behaviors | 13.26 (<.001)*** | 0.08 (.93) | 0.33 (.57) | 4.31 (.04)* | 0.08 |
| DERS Total | EDE global score | 35.09 (<.001)*** | 0.35 (.71) | 1.17 (.29) | 1.71 (.20) | 0.03 |
| UPPS-P Total | Binge eating episodes | 9.87 (.003)** | 2.15 (.13) | 1.37 (.25) | 8.94 (.004)** | 0.15 |
| UPPS-P Total | Total compensatory behaviors | 15.43 (<.001)*** | 0.07 (.93) | 0.08 (.77) | 7.83 (.007)** | 0.13 |
| UPPS-P Total | EDE global score | 32.65 (<.001)*** | 0.17 (.85) | 0.29 (.59) | 0.85 (.36) | 0.02 |
| Post hoc analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | BN symptom | Time F (p) |
Time by treatment condition F (p) |
Time by moderator F (p) |
Time by treatment condition by moderator F (p) |
Time by treatment condition by moderator ηp2 |
| DERS non-acceptance | Total compensatory behaviors | 12.82 (<.001)*** | 0.09 (.92) | 1.65 (.21) | 2.94 (.09) | 0.06 |
| DERS goals | Total compensatory behaviors | 13.09 (<.001)*** | 0.24 (.79) | 0.32 (.57) | 5.30 (.03)* | 0.09 |
| DERS impulse | Total compensatory behaviors | 12.35 (<.001)*** | 0.07 (.93) | 0.65 (.43) | 1.48 (.23) | 0.03 |
| DERS awareness | Total compensatory behaviors | 12.21 (<.001)*** | 0.07 (.93) | 0.68 (.41) | 1.05 (.31) | 0.02 |
| DERS strategies | Total compensatory behaviors | 13.75 (<.001)*** | 0.08 (.93) | 0.79 (.38) | 5.81 (.02)* | 0.10 |
| DERS clarity | Total compensatory behaviors | 11.75 (.001)** | 0.01 (.99) | 1.86 (.18) | 2.40 (.13) | 0.05 |
| UPPS-P negative urgency | Binge eating episodes | 7.40 (.009)** | 1.23 (.30) | 1.35 (.25) | 2.40 (.13) | 0.05 |
| UPPS-P lack of premeditation | Binge eating episodes | 10.46 (.002)** | 2.36 (.11) | 2.60 (.11) | 9.67 (.003)** | 0.16 |
| UPPS-P lack of perseverance | Binge eating episodes | 8.22 (.006)** | 2.69 (.08) | 1.87 (.18) | 5.91 (.02)* | 0.10 |
| UPPS-P sensation seeking | Binge eating episodes | 7.05 (.01)* | 1.50 (.23) | 0.05 (.82) | 1.72 (.20) | 0.03 |
| UPPS-P positive urgency | Binge eating episodes | 9.25 (.004)** | 1.96 (.15) | 2.20 (.15) | 6.72 (.01)* | 0.12 |
| UPPS-P negative urgency | Total compensatory behaviors | 12.40 (<.001)*** | 0.06 (.95) | 0.55 (.46) | 5.82 (.02)* | 0.10 |
| UPPS-P lack of premeditation | Total compensatory behaviors | 14.61 (<.001)*** | 0.13 (.88) | 0.88 (.35) | 3.84 (.06) | 0.07 |
| UPPS-P lack of perseverance | Total compensatory behaviors | 13.73 (<.001)*** | 0.17 (.84) | 0.38 (.54) | 4.10 (.048)* | 0.07 |
| UPPS-P sensation seeking | Total compensatory behaviors | 12.19 (.001)** | 0.04 (.96) | 0.17 (.68) | 0.01 (.94) | 0.00 |
| UPPS-P positive urgency | Total compensatory behaviors | 16.55 (<.001)*** | 0.02 (.98) | 1.23 (.27) | 15.48 (<.001)*** | 0.23 |
Note: Analyses based on past-month frequency of binge eating episodes and total compensatory behaviors.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination; JITAIs-Off, just-in-time adaptive interventions off treatment condition; JITAIs-On, just-in-time adaptive interventions on treatment condition; SD, standard deviation; UPPS-P, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale.
*
Designates p < .05;
**
Designates p < .01;
***
Designates p < .001.