Figure 3.
Exendin-4, a GLP-1R agonist plays a vibrant role in various biological activities such as apoptosis, Beta-cells proliferation, and glucose through different signaling pathways. Abbreviations: GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, AC: Adenylyl cyclase, PKA: Protein kinase A, IP3: Inositol 3 phosphate, ER: Endoplasmic reticulum, PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PKB/Akt: Protein kinase B, eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide, Gsk3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, NFκB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, FoxO6: Forkhead Box O6, Bad: Bcl-2-associated death promoter, CREB: cAMP response element-binding, mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, S6K1: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1.