Table 1.
General characteristics of the total study cohort and according to DM status
| Characteristic | n (no GDM or DM/GDM) | Total | No GDM or preexisting DM | GDM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 most commonly reported COVID-19–related symptoms in symptomatic cases | 1260/131 | Malaise (60%), cough (60%), fatigue (53%), loss of sense of smell or taste (51%), nasal obstructions (41%) | Malaise (60%), cough (59%), fatigue (53%), loss of sense of smell or taste (51%), nasal obstructions (41%) | Cough (66%), malaise (57%), fatigue (53%), loss of sense of smell or taste (47%), nasal obstructions (46%) |
| Week of gestation at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms (OR at PCR-positive test result) | 1350/140 | 28.2±9.8 | 28.1±9.9 | 28.9±8.9 |
| Week of gestation of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis | 0/140 | — | — | 25.3±4.3 |
| Glucose-lowering therapy Basic management Conventional insulin therapy Intensified insulin therapy |
0/140 | — | — | 80 (57.1) 43 (30.7) 17 (12.1) |
| Fasting venous plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL)a | 0/130 | — | — | 96.6±9.7 |
| Venous plasma glucose concentration after 1 h during OGTT (mg/dL)a | 0/124 | — | — | 175.7±31.7 |
| Venous plasma glucose concentration after 2 h during OGTT (mg/dL)a | 0/121 | — | — | 135.1±29.3 |
| Pathologic venous plasma glucose concentration during OGTT Only at fasting Only after 1 h Only after 2 h At fasting and after 1 or 2 h After 1 and 2 h At all 3 time points |
0/120 | — | — | 44 (36.7) 13 (10.8) 10 (8.3) 33 (27.5) 6 (5.0) 14 (11.7) |
| Maternal age at positive COVID-19 test result (y) | 1350/140 | 31.0±5.2 | 30.9±5.2b | 32.0±5.0b |
| Maternal BMI before or at the beginning of pregnancy (kg/m2) Underweight or normal weight Overweight Obese |
1350/140 | 803 (53.9) 387 (26.0) 300 (20.1) |
768 (56.9)c 340 (25.2)c 242 (17.9)c |
35 (25.0)c 47 (33.6)c 58 (41.4)c |
| Language competence (communication possible without any problems) | 1350/140 | 1269 (85.2) | 1153 (85.4) | 116 (82.9) |
| Continent of birth Europe North and South America Africa Asia Australia |
1334/139 | 1015 (68.9) 13 (0.9) 50 (3.4) 394 (26.8) 1 (0.07) |
936 (70.2) 12 (0.9) 43 (3.2) 342 (25.6) 1 (0.07) |
79 (56.8)b 1 (0.7) 7 (5.0) 52 (37.4) 0 (0.0) |
| Nicotine or smoking during pregnancy (yes) | 1350/140 | 47 (3.2) | 39 (2.9) | 8 (5.7) |
| Nulliparous (yes) | 1350/140 | 606 (40.7) | 557 (41.3) | 49 (35.0) |
| Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (yes) | 1350/140 | 94 (6.3) | 76 (5.6)c | 18 (12.9)c |
| Mother in ICU (yes) | 1334/137 | 68 (4.6) | 54 (4.1)d | 14 (10.2)d |
| Maternal intubation (yes) | 1334/137 | 29 (2.0) | 24 (1.8) | 5 (3.7) |
| Maternal oxygen supplementation (yes) | 1335/138 | 119 (8.1) | 100 (7.5)b | 19 (13.8)b |
| Maternal viral pneumonia (yes) | 1323/136 | 91 (6.2) | 76 (5.7)b | 15 (11.0)b |
| Mother deceased (yes) | 1333/137 | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Combined primary maternal endpoint (yes) | 1335/138 | 139 (9.4) | 117 (8.8)d | 22 (15.9)d |
| Multiples (yes) | 1350/140 | 44 (3.0) | 37 (2.7) | 7 (5.0) |
| Premature rupture of membranes or spontaneous preterm delivery (yes) | 1159/126 | 187 (14.6) | 168 (14.5) | 19 (15.1) |
| Stillbirth (yes) | 1159/126 | 13 (1.01) | 11 (0.95) | 2 (1.59) |
| Umbilical cord arterial pH<7.1 (yes) | 1126/123 | 46 (3.7) | 40 (3.6) | 6 (4.9) |
| Apgar score of <7 at 5 min (yes) | 1126/123 | 29 (2.3) | 24 (2.1) | 5 (4.1) |
| Child in neonatal ICU (yes) | 1148/124 | 203 (16.0) | 177 (15.4) | 26 (21.0) |
| Child deceased after delivery (yes) | 1147/126 | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) |
| Combined primary offspring endpoint (yes) | 1159/126 | 217 (16.9) | 189 (16.3) | 28 (22.2) |
| Mode of delivery (cesarean delivery) | 1192/130 | 495 (37.4) | 438 (36.7) | 57 (43.9) |
| Small for gestational age (yes) | 1021/113 | 79 (7.0) | 70 (6.9) | 9 (8.0) |
| Large for gestational age (yes) | 1021/113 | 103 (9.1) | 77 (7.5)c | 26 (23.0)c |
Data are presented as number/total number (percentage) or mean±standard deviation, unless otherwise specified. P<.05, P<.001, and P<.01 are for comparison between no GDM or preexisting DM and GDM based on the chi-squared test or Fisher exact test (categorical variables) or Student t test (continuous normally distributed variables).
DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ICU, intensive care unit; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; OR, odds ratio; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
Kleinwechter. Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: COVID-19–Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study registry results. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
a
To convert to mmol/L multiply mg/dL with 0.055
b
P<.05
c
P<.001
d
P<.01.