Table 2.
Associations among diabetes mellitus status (gestational diabetes mellitus vs no diabetes mellitus), body mass index (underweight or normal weight vs overweight or obese), and combined primary maternal endpoint
| Variable | Combined primary maternal endpoint |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (column %) | Yes (n [row %]) | No (n [row %]) | Crude or only BMI (aOR [95% CI])a | Multivariable (aOR [95% CI])b | |
| Model 1 | |||||
| GDM | |||||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1335 (90.6) | 117 (8.8) | 1218 (91.2) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 138 (9.4) | 22 (15.9) | 116 (84.1) | 1.56 (0.94–2.59) | 1.50 (0.88–2.57) |
| BMIc | |||||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 796 (54.0) | 48 (6.0) | 748 (94.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 677 (46.0) | 91 (13.4) | 586 (86.6) | 2.29 (1.58–3.33)d | 1.87 (1.26–2.75)d |
| Model 2 | |||||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 761 (51.7) | 44 (5.9) | 717 (94.2) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 574 (39.0) | 73 (12.7) | 501 (87.3) | 2.37 (1.61–3.51)d | 1.93 (1.28–2.90)d |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 35 (2.4) | 4 (11.4) | 31 (88.6) | 2.10 (0.71–6.22) | 2.01 (0.65–6.25) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 103 (7.0) | 18 (17.5) | 85 (82.5) | 3.45 (1.91–6.24)d | 2.69 (1.43–5.07)d |
| Model 3 | |||||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 761 (51.7) | 44 (5.8) | 717 (94.2) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 574 (39.0) | 73 (12.7) | 501 (37.6) | 2.37 (1.61–3.51)d | 1.93 (1.28–2.90)d |
| GDM without insulin, underweight or normal weight | 26 (1.8) | 3 (11.5) | 23 (88.5) | 2.13 (0.61–7.35) | 1.98 (0.53–7.34) |
| GDM without insulin, overweight or obese | 54 (3.7) | 7 (13.0) | 47 (87.0) | 2.43 (1.04–5.68)d | 2.30 (0.94–5.63) |
| GDM with insulin, underweight or normal weight | 9 (0.6) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 2.04 (0.25–16.65) | 2.09 (0.24–18.01) |
| GDM with insulin, overweight or obese | 49 (3.3) | 11 (22.4) | 38 (77.6) | 4.72 (2.26–9.86)d | 3.05 (1.38–6.73)d |
Data are presented as aOR (95% CI) using logistic regression analyses with combined primary maternal endpoint (yes or no) as the dependent variable.
aOR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Ref, reference interval.
Kleinwechter. Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: COVID-19–Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study registry results. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
Model 1 adjusted for BMI only and models 2 and 3 unadjusted
Additionally adjusted for week of gestation at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms (or at a positive polymerase chain reaction test result), multiples (yes or no), maternal age at positive COVID-19 test result, language competence (communication possible with or without problems), nicotine or smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), parity (0 or ≥1), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (yes or no)
Maternal BMI before or at the beginning of pregnancy (kg/m2)
P<.05.