Table 3.
Associations among diabetes mellitus status (gestational diabetes mellitus vs no diabetes mellitus), body mass index (underweight or normal weight vs overweight or obese), and combined primary fetal and neonatal endpoint
| Variable | Combined primary fetal and neonatal endpoint |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (column %) | Yes (n [row %]) | No (n [row %]) | Crude or only BMI (aOR [95% CI])a | Multivariable (aOR [95% CI])b | |
| Model 1 | |||||
| GDM | |||||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 126 (9.8) | 189 (16.3) | 970 (83.7) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 1159 (90.2) | 28 (2.2) | 98 (77.8) | 1.20 (0.76–1.90) | 1.11 (0.69–1.79) |
| BMIc | |||||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 690 (53.7) | 87 (12.6) | 603 (87.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 595 (46.3) | 120 (21.9) | 465 (78.2) | 1.89 (1.40–2.56)d | 1.81 (1.32–2.48)d |
| Model 2 | |||||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 660 (51.4) | 81 (12.3) | 579 (87.7) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 499 (38.8) | 108 (21.6) | 391 (78.4) | 1.97 (1.44–2.71)d | 1.91 (1.37–2.65)d |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 30 (2.3) | 6 (20.0) | 24 (80.0) | 1.79 (0.71–4.50) | 1.90 (0.75–4.82) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 96 (7.5) | 22 (22.9) | 74 (77.1) | 2.13 (1.25–3.61)d | 1.83 (1.05–3.18)d |
| Model 3 | |||||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 660 (51.4) | 81 (12.3) | 579 (87.7) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 499 (38.8) | 108 (21.6) | 391 (78.4) | 1.97 (1.44–2.71)d | 1.91 (1.37–2.65)d |
| GDM without insulin, underweight or normal weight | 22 (1.7) | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 1.13 (0.33–3.90) | 1.17 (0.33–4.09) |
| GDM without insulin, overweight or obese | 52 (4.1) | 11 (21.2) | 41 (78.9) | 1.92 (0.95–3.88) | 1.65 (0.79–3.46) |
| GDM with insulin, underweight or normal weight | 8 (0.6) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 4.29 (1.01–18.29)d | 4.76 (1.11–20.41)d |
| GDM with insulin, overweight or obese | 44 (3.4) | 11 (25.0) | 33 (75.0) | 2.38 (1.16–4.90)d | 2.03 (0.96–4.32) |
Data are presented as aOR (95% CI) using logistic regression analyses with combined primary offspring endpoint (yes or no) as the dependent variable.
aOR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Ref, reference interval.
Kleinwechter. Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: COVID-19–Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study registry results. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
Model 1 adjusted for BMI only and models 2 and 3 unadjusted
Additionally adjusted for week of gestation at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms (or at a positive polymerase chain reaction test result), multiples (yes or no), maternal age at positive COVID-19 test result, language competence (communication possible with or without problems), nicotine or smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), parity (0 or ≥1), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (yes or no)
Maternal BMI before or at the beginning of pregnancy (kg/m2)
P<.05.