Supplemental Table 4.
Associations among diabetes mellitus status (gestational diabetes mellitus vs no diabetes mellitus), body mass index (underweight or normal weight vs overweight vs obese), and secondary endpoints
| Variable | n (column %) | Crude or only BMI (aOR [95% CI])a | Multivariable (aOR [95% CI])b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother in ICU | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1334 (90.7) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 137 (9.3) | 2.00 (1.07–3.76)c | 1.84 (0.95–3.56) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 795 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 676 (46.0) | 3.15 (1.80–5.50)c | 2.41 (1.36–4.30)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 760 (51.7) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 575 (39.0) | 3.30 (1.82–5.97)c | 2.54 (1.37–4.68)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 25 (2.4) | 2.82 (0.62–12.77) | 2.64 (0.56–12.53) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 102 (6.9) | 6.20 (2.84–13.52)c | 4.34 (1.91–9.87)c |
| Oxygen supplementation (mother) | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1335 (90.6) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 138 (9.4) | 1.58 (0.92–2.70) | 1.49 (0.85–2.62) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 796 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 677 (46.0) | 2.18 (1.46–3.24)c | 1.74 (1.15–2.64)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 761 (51.7) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 574 (39.0) | 2.30 (1.51–3.50)c | 1.85 (1.20–2.87)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 35 (2.4) | 2.45 (0.82–7.31) | 2.42 (0.77–7.57) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 103 (7.0) | 3.24 (1.71–6.13)c | 2.42 (1.23–4.76)c |
| Viral pneumonia (mother) | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1323 (90.7) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 136 (9.3) | 1.63 (0.89–2.95) | 1.54 (0.82–2.88) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 792 (54.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 667 (45.7) | 2.17 (1.38–3.40)c | 1.68 (1.05–2.69)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 758 (52.0) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 565 (38.7) | 2.28 (1.42–3.67)c | 1.77 (1.08–2.90)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 34 (2.3) | 2.43 (0.70–8.42) | 2.31 (0.63–8.41) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 102 (7.0) | 3.35 (1.65–6.8)c | 2.46 (1.17–5.18)c |
| Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1335 (90.6) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 138 (9.4) | 1.85 (1.06–3.24)c | 1.78 (1.01–3.15)c |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 796 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 677 (46.0) | 3.06 (1.91–4.9)c | 3.14 (1.94–5.08)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 761 (51.7) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 574 (39.0) | 2.87 (1.76–4.69)c | 2.97 (1.8–4.89)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 35 (2.4) | 0.87 (0.11–6.58) | 0.89 (0.12–6.81) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 103 (7.0) | 5.82 (3.02–11.21)c | 5.74 (2.92–11.29)c |
| Cesarean delivery | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1192 (90.2) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 130 (9.8) | 1.13 (0.78–1.65) | 1.06 (0.73–1.56) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 709 (53.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 613 (46.4) | 1.71 (1.36–2.15)c | 1.68 (1.32–2.13)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 678 (51.3) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 514 (38.9) | 1.75 (1.38–2.22)c | 1.73 (1.35–2.21)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 31 (2.3) | 1.40 (0.67–2.93) | 1.43 (0.68–3.03) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 99 (7.5) | 1.84 (1.20–2.83)c | 1.67 (1.07–2.59)c |
| Neonatal ICU admission | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1148 (90.3) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 124 (9.8) | 1.19 (0.74–1.90) | 1.12 (0.68–1.82) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 683 (53.7) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 589 (46.3) | 1.95 (1.43–2.66)c | 1.86 (1.34–2.58)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 653 (51.3) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 495 (38.9) | 2.06 (1.49–2.85)c | 1.99 (1.42–2.80)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 30 (2.4) | 1.96 (0.77–4.94) | 2.12 (0.83–5.41) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 94 (7.4) | 2.11 (1.22–3.67)c | 1.85 (1.04–3.29)c |
| Small for gestational age | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1021 (90.0) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 113 (10.0) | 1.54 (0.73–3.25) | 1.50 (0.70–3.19) |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 619 (54.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight or obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 515 (45.4) | 0.44 (0.26–0.74)c | 0.45 (0.27–0.77)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 590 (52.0) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 431 (38.0) | 0.45 (0.26–0.78)c | 0.47 (0.27–0.82)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 29 (2.6) | 1.66 (0.56–4.94) | 1.68 (0.55–5.07) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 84 (7.4) | 0.65 (0.25–1.69) | 0.64 (0.24–1.68) |
| Large for gestational age | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| GDM | |||
| No GDM or preexisting DM | 1021 (90.0) | Ref | Ref |
| GDM, no DM | 113 (10.0) | 3.10 (1.86–5.16)c | 3.13 (1.87–5.26)c |
| BMId | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 619 (54.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight/obese (≥25 kg/m2) | 515 (45.4) | 1.78 (1.16–2.73)c | 1.71 (1.10–2.66)c |
| Model 2 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 590 (52.0) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 431 (38.0) | 1.71 (1.07–2.73)c | 1.66 (1.03–2.67)c |
| GDM, underweight or normal weight | 29 (2.6) | 2.54 (0.84–7.69)c | 2.66 (0.87–8.13) |
| GDM, overweight or obese | 84 (7.4) | 5.63 (3.11–10.19)c | 5.46 (2.96–10.07)c |
| Model 3 | |||
| No GDM or DM, underweight or normal weight | 590 (52.0) | Ref | Ref |
| No GDM or DM, overweight or obese | 431 (38.0) | 1.71 (1.07–2.73)c | 1.66 (1.03–2.66)c |
| GDM without insulin, underweight or normal weight | 21 (1.9) | 2.64 (0.74–9.40) | 2.84 (0.79–10.28) |
| GDM without insulin, overweight or obese | 40 (3.5) | 6.01 (2.78–13.04)c | 6.16 (2.79–13.59)c |
| GDM with insulin, underweight or normal weight | 8 (0.7) | 2.27 (0.27–18.93) | 2.20 (0.26–18.76) |
| GDM with insulin, overweight or obese | 44 (3.9) | 5.29 (2.46–11.34)c | 4.89 (2.23–10.72)c |
Data are presented as aOR (95% CI) using logistic regression analyses with secondary endpoints (yes or no) as the dependent variable (separate model for each).
aOR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ICU, intensive care unit; Ref, reference interval.
Kleinwechter. Gestational diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: COVID-19–Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study registry results. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
Model 1 adjusted for BMI only and models 2 and 3 unadjusted
Additionally adjusted for week of gestation at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms (or at a positive polymerase chain reaction test result), multiples (yes or no), maternal age at positive COVID-19 test result, language competence (communication possible with or without problems), nicotine or smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), parity (0 or ≥1), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (yes or no). Models with viral pneumonia as the dependent variable were not adjusted for nicotine or smoking during pregnancy as a quasi-complete separation of data points was observed
P<.05
Maternal BMI before or at the beginning of pregnancy (kg/m2).