Table 1.

Umbilical cord blood findings. Features including iron-related results and CBC findings (mean ± SD, 95% CI, 2-sided t-test in black, non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test in bold).

	Healthy term (n = 13)	Obese/diabetic (n = 13)	Healthy preterm (n = 10)	P values
				Term vs. O/D	Term vs. preterm	O/D vs. preterm
Gestational age (wk/days)	38 2/7 ± 1 2/7	38 1/7 ± 1 1/7	31 2/7 ± 1 6/7	0.578	<0.001	<0.001
	37 5/7–39 0/7	37 3/7–38 5/7	30 1/7–32 2/7
Birth weight (gm)	3236 ± 456	3837 ± 123	1695 ± 473	0.494	<0.001	<0.001
	2988–3484	3771–3903	1402–1988
Mother’s BMI	29.6 ± 7.0	42.1 ± 13.2	26.6 ± 4.2	0.010	0.167	<0.001
	25.5–33.7	35.0–49.2	23.5–29.7
Serum iron (μg/dL)	219 ± 201	124 ± 63	101 ± 67	0.049	0.039	0.617
	110–329	87–161	63–156
TIBC (μg/dL)	216 ± 39	230 ± 68	191 ± 22	0.531	0.158	0.155
	195–237	190–269	168–214
Serum ferritin (ng/mL)	136 ± 49	152 ± 181	70 ± 69	0.368	0.030	0.246
	110–162	11–258	22–118
Hgb (g/dL)	15.6 ± 1.5	15.3 ± 1.2	17.7 ± 1.7	0.590	0.012	0.002
	14.6–17.4	14.6–16.0	16.7–19.7
HCT (%)	47.0 ± 5.1	46.1 ± 3.5	50.3 ± 5.1	0.637	0.177	0.043
	44.0–50.7	44.1–48.1	47.2–53.4
MCV (fL)	105.9 ± 2.9	107.8 ± 4.8	111.9 ± 8.3	0.295	0.045	0.180
	104.1–107.7	105.0–110.6	106.8–117.0
MCH (pg)	34.9 ± 1.5	35.7 ± 2.2	39.1 ± 3.9	0.335	0.003	0.023
	34.0–35.8	34.4–37.0	36.7–41.5
Retics (%)	4.3 ± 0.8	4.3 ± 0.9	6.8 ± 1.3	0.720	<0.001	<0.001
	3.8–4.8	3.9–10.3	5.6–8.0
RET-He (pg)	34.5 ± 2.2	33.2 ± 3.8	36.6 ± 9.6	0.406	0.016	0.038
	33.0–35.8	31.0–35.4	35.9–38.0
Erythropoietin (mU/mL)	4.5 ± 6.0	18.5 ± 44.7	4.7 ± 6.1	0.298	0.826	0.749
	1.3–7.7	0.0–53.0	1.0–7.4
Erythroferrone (ng/mL)	1.6 ± 1.3	2.8 ± 4.1	1.0 ± 0.8	0.952	0.337	0.646
	0.9–2.3	0.4–5.2	0.5–1.5
Hepcidin (ng/mL)	70.8 ± 37.0	34.2 ± 21.3	30.5 ± 22.8	0.043	0.004	0.069
	52.1–89.5	19.4–49.0	15.6–45.4

Wk, week; gm, gram; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; Hgb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; Retics, reticulocytes; RET—He, reticulocyte hemoglobin content; O/D, obese and diabetic.