Table 1.
Fecal Concentrations of the most prevalent bile acids detected at baseline and 6 weeks of arabinoxylan or microcrystalline cellulose supplementation
| Fecal bile acids (nmol/g) | Arabinoxylan (n = 15) | Microcrystalline cellulose (n = 16) | Between group change p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 6 | Within group p value | Change (W6–BL) | Baseline | Week 6 | Within group p value | Change (W6–BL) | ||
| Total bile acids | 90140.7 ± 52067.3 | 75570.8 ± 36138.7 | 0.13 | − 14569.9 ± 35493.8 | 76748.0 ± 45152.6 | 53400.4 ± 42156.7 | 0.03 | − 23347.6 ± 41145.7 | 0.88 |
| Primary bile acids | 4240.6 ± 11609.1 a | 1518.5 ± 3629.2 a | 0.48 | − 2722.1 ± 10503.0 a | 214.0 ± 278.3 | 1457.7 ± 3939.2 | 0.46 | 1243.7 ± 3948.3 | 0.20 |
| Cholic acid | 1289.4 ± 4663.3 a | 623.9 ± 1541.4 a | 0.77 | − 665.5 ± 4094.5 a | 49.9 ± 79.3 | 781.0 ± 2150.8 | 0.45 | 731.1 ± 2154.9 | 0.64 |
| Chenodeoxycholic acid | 1392.3 ± 2752.4 a | 2339.4 ± 6773.5 a | 0.70 | 947.1 ± 6328.0 a | 78.1 ± 96.4 | 640.2 ± 1739.7 | 0.46 | 562.1 ± 1748.3 | 1.00 |
| Glycocholic acid | 16.2 ± 13.9 | 17.3 ± 13.8 | 0.78 | 1.1 ± 15.6 | 15.9 ± 18.8 a | 9.0 ± 7.1 a | 0.07 | − 6.8 ± 14.6 a | 0.18 |
| Glycochenodeoxycholic acid | 16.3 ± 14.7 a | 16.9 ± 12.3 a | 0.90 | 0.6 ± 15.6 a | 26.8 ± 32.9 | 13.1 ± 14.6 | 0.11 | − 13.6 ± 34.2 | 0.15 |
| Taurocholic acid | 6.5 ± 6.0 | 15.5 ± 37.4 | 0.61 | 9.0 ± 38.1 | 5.4 ± 5.7 a | 8.5 ± 22.4 a | 0.92 | 3.1 ± 21.2 a | 0.59 |
| Taurochenodexycholic acid | 11.9 ± 27.2 | 7.6 ± 13.5 | 0.69 | − 4.3 ± 30.7 | 7.8 ± 10.1 a | 6.7 ± 18.2 a | 0.88 | − 1.1 ± 21.0 a | 0.76 |
| Secondary bile acids | 85635.9 ± 48491.8 | 69467.5 ± 35335.1 | 0.12 | − 16168.4 ± 37401.2 | 76533.0 ± 45107.0 | 51941.9 ± 42028.7 | 0.03 | − 24591.1 ± 41860.1 | 0.60 |
| Lithocholic acid | 32898.7 ± 20028.4 | 24456.2 ± 14586.5 | 0.06 | − 8442.5 ± 15869.9 | 31183.8 ± 15926.9 | 21373.9 ± 16591.2 | 0.06 | − 9809.9 ± 18874.8 | 0.92 |
| Deoxycholic acid | 46951.5 ± 31821.9 | 39324.1 ± 24346.5 | 0.28 | − 7627.4 ± 26367.7 | 38305.5 ± 24802.5 | 25727.3 ± ± 21327.7 | 0.04 | − 12578.2 ± 23022.2 | 0.88 |
| Glycolithocholic acid | 2.4 ± 2.1 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 0.30 | − 0.8 ± 2.7 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 0.16 | − 0.7 ± 1.8 | 1.00 |
| Glycodeoxycholic acid | 18.5 ± 14.8 | 15.0 ± 11.1 | 0.45 | − 3.5 ± 17.8 | 24.1 ± 24.4 a | 8.3 ± 6.1 a | 0.014 | − 15.8 ± 24.4 a | 0.20 |
| Taurolithocholic acid | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 4.6 | 0.20 | 1.3 ± 4.3 | 3.3 ± 5.9 | 1.1 ± 2.8 | 0.03 | − 2.2 ± 4.0 | 0.018 |
| Allocholic acid | 58.6 ± 81.7 | 56.5 ± 79.8 | 0.93 | − 2.2 ± 106.5 | 21.7 ± 26.2 | 18.5 ± 26.0 | 0.58 | − 3.2 ± 22.6 | 1.00 |
| Apocholic acid | 742.1 ± 681.7 | 493.9 ± 246.7 | 0.15 | − 248.2 ± 626.0 | 836.2 ± 1074.2 a | 318.4 ± 177.8 a | 0.009 * | − 517.8 ± 1009.5 a | 0.88 |
| Alloisolithocholic acid | 124.0 ± 103.4 | 110.0 ± 90.0 | 0.43 | − 14.0 ± 65.7 | 187.2 ± 140.3 a | 118.3 ± 99.5 a | 0.07 | − 68.9 ± 135.2 a | 0.26 |
| Isolithocholic acid | 1867.0 ± 1020.8 | 1524.4 ± 987.1 | 0.28 | − 342.6 ± 1183.0 | 3133.7 ± 2649.2 | 1669.6 ± 2070.6 | 0.016 | − 1464.1 ± 2298.5 | 0.11 |
| Hyodeoxycholic acid | 145.7 ± 120.9 | 136.7 ± 119.8 | 0.80 | − 9.1 ± 133.9 | 207.6 ± 192.2 a | 96.0 ± 81.5 a | 0.009 * | − 111.6 ± 185.4 a | 0.08 |
| Dehydrolithocholic acid | 215.6 ± 123.4 | 173.1 ± 108.2 | 0.16 | − 42.5 ± 112.5 | 425.7 ± 759.4 a | 187.1 ± 171.9 a | 0.05 | -238.6 ± 636.0 a | 0.26 |
| Ursocholic acid | 295.3 ± 642.2 | 307.1 ± 849.4 | 0.96 | 11.8 ± 1074.5 | 30.0 ± 51.2 | 259.7 ± 800.7 | 0.26 | 229.7 ± 804.7 | 0.66 |
| Murocholic acid | 18.8 ± 19.8 | 12.1 ± 10.8 | 0.18 | − 6.7 ± 18.7 | 13.5 ± 15.7 | 7.4 ± 6.4 | 0.07 | − 6.1 ± 12.9 | 0.92 |
| Norcholic acid | 9.5 ± 4.3 | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 0.23 | − 1.1 ± 3.4 | 8.0 ± 5.1 | 6.2 ± 5.5 | 0.15 | − 1.8 ± 4.8 | 0.39 |
| Nordeoxycholic acid | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 0.18 | − 0.3 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 2.1 a | 1.6 ± 1.4 a | 0.06 | − 0.8 ± 1.1 a | 0.11 |
| 7-Ketodeoxycholic acid | 23.7 ± 67.6 a | 19.3 ± 32.4 a | 0.88 | − 4.4 ± 57.1 a | 5.1 ± 4.4 | 58.1 ± 188.1 | 0.45 | 53.0 ± 188.0 | 0.23 |
| 7-Ketolithocholic acid | 144.8 ± 422.4 a | 30.7 ± 35.8 a | 0.27 | − 114.1 ± 393.6 a | 11.0 ± 9.7 | 31.1 ± 79.6 | 0.46 | 20.2 ± 80.8 | 0.047 |
| 12-Ketochenodeoxycholic acid | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 8.4 ± 5.5 | 0.03 | − 1.4 ± 2.4 | 7.3 ± 3.1 | 6.7 ± 3.5 | 0.61 | − 0.6 ± 4.2 | 0.75 |
| 3βOH-5-cholestenoic acid | 227.1 ± 154.4 | 225.5 ± 184.5 | 0.96 | − 1.6 ± 145.9 | 120.5 ± 82.4 | 86.9 ± 33.3 | 0.07 | − 33.6 ± 67.9 | 0.84 |
| 7αOH-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid | 1.7 ± 1.3 a | 4.0 ± 4.0 a | 0.04 | 2.3 ± 4.3 a | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.39 | − 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0096 * |
| Cholic acid 3-SO42− | 65.5 ± 172.7 | 38.9 ± 147.1 | 0.96 | − 26.6 ± 237.8 | 74.5 ± 202.6 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.39 | − 73.7 ± 202.4 | 0.90 |
| Lithocholic acid 3-SO42− | 113.9 ± 263.0 | 83.1 ± 257.5 | 0.59 | − 30.8 ± 275.2 | 34.4 ± 65.8 a | 98.3 ± 301.0 a | 0.39 | 63.9 ± 315.5 a | 0.54 |
| Deoxycholic acid 3-SO42− | 33.7 ± 96.7 a | 616.9 ± 2293.9 a | 0.78 | 583.3 ± 2290.2 a | 274.3 ± 745.5 | 128.6 ± 428.1 | 0.39 | − 145.7 ± 857.7 | 0.19 |
| Glycolithocholic acid 3-SO42− | 5.0 ± 8.2 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 0.27 | − 2.4 ± 8.1 | 6.7 ± 8.2 a | 4.4 ± 8.0 a | 0.39 | − 2.2 ± 12.1 a | 0.94 |
| Glycodeoxycholic acid 3-SO42− | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.20 | − 0.4 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.6 a | 0.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.39 | − 0.8 ± 1.5 a | 0.76 |
Listed bile acids (31 compounds) were detected in > 90% of fecal samples. Statistical significance of within-group shifts were determined by paired permutational t-tests, while between-group differences (AX vs MCC; W6–BL, week 6–baseline) were determined by unpaired permutational t-tests. Data are means ± SD. * Statistical significance was set at p < 0.01, bolded p values without an asterisk (*) are approaching statistical significance (p < 0.05). a One outlier > 5*SD from the mean was excluded