Table 1.

Summary of studies examining CA125 level in women without ovarian cancer

Authors (Year)	Number of patients	Menopausal status	CA125 assay used	Association with higher CA125	Association with lower CA125	Reference number
Pauler et al. (2001)	18,748 (St. Bartholomew’s/ Royal London Hospital Ovarian Cancer screening trial)	Postmenopausal	CA125II radioimmunoassay (Centocor) at a single laboratory site	-Caucasian race -Prior cancer diagnosis other than ovarian cancer	-Age -African/Asian races -Hysterectomy -Regular smoking -Regular caffeine consumption	[17]
Johnson et al. (2008)	25,608 (PLCO study)	Postmenopausal	CA125II radioimmunoassay (Centocor)	-Age -Former smoking -Ever use of hormone therapy -History of breast cancer	-Non-White status -Current smoking -Hysterectomy -Obesity	[18]
Akinwunmi et al. (2018)	2,004 (NEC study)	Premenopausal, Postmenopausal	CA125II radioimmunoassay, Clinical and Epidemiology Research Laboratory (CERLab) at Boston Children’s Hospital	Premenopausal: -Endometriosis -Coronary artery disease	Premenopausal: -Hysterectomy -Colon polyps	[9]
				Postmenopausal: -Inflammatory bowel disease	Postmenopausal: -Osteoporosis -Osteoarthritis -Hypercholesterolemia
Sasamoto et al. (2019)	815 (NEC study, model development) 473 (EPIC study, model validation)	Premenopausal	CA125II radioimmmunoassay (Centocor, Malvern, PA), CERLab at Boston Children’s Hospital (NEC study) Meso Scale Discovery (MSD): volume-effective highly sensitive multiplex platform (Gaithersburg, MD), Genital Tract Biology Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (EPIC study)	-Age 30–39 -Early follicular menstrual phase -Endometriosis -Fibroids	-Age < 30 or > 50 -Menstrual phases other than early follicular -Current hormonal contraception use -Tubal ligation	[19]
Sasamoto et al. (2019)	26,981 (PLCO study, model development) 861 (EPIC study) + 81 (NHS/NHSI) +  923 (NEC study) (model validation)	Postmenopausal	CA-125II radioimmunoassay (Centocor) (PLCO study) CA-125II radioimmunoassay (Centocor), CERLab at Boston Children’s Hospital (NEC and NHS/NHSII studies) Meso Scale Discovery (MSD): volume-effective highly sensitive multiplex platform (Gaithersburg, MD), Genital Tract Biology Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (EPIC study)	-Age -White race -Lower BMI -Former smoking status -Shorter duration of smoking among former smokers -Older age at first menstrual period -Older age at last menstrual period -Shorter time since menopause -Higher parity -History of benign ovarian cyst -Ever use and longer duration of hormone therapy	-Hysterectomy	[10]