Table 1.

Ethogram used in the behaviour analysis of the problem-solving test,

adapted from Persson et al. (2015)

Behaviour	Definition
Eye contact—owner	The dog’s head directed towards the owner
Eye contact—experimenter	The dog’s head directed towards the experimenter
Proximity—owner	The dog’s head within its own body length of the owner
Proximity—experimenter	The dog’s head within its own body length of the experimenter
Proximity—test apparatus	The dog’s head within its own body length of the test apparatus
Physical contact—owner	The dog in physical contact with the owner
Physical contact—experimenter	The dog in physical contact with the experimenter
Physical contact—test apparatus	The dog in physical contact with the test apparatus