Table 1.
Categorization of risk factors
| Risk factor | Risk | No risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Parent education | ISCED low | ISCED medium/high |
| 2. Parent immigrant background | Yes | No |
| 3. Social welfare receipt | Yes | No |
| 4. EBI parent domain | ≥ 80 | < 80 |
| 5. EBI child domain | ≥ 50 | < 50 |
| 6. Stress (PSS-4)* | ≥ 14 | < 14 |
| 7. Lack of social support* | ≥ 4 | < 4 |
| 8. Partnership dissatisfaction (DAS) | ≥ 9 | < 9 |
| 9. Self-efficacy in parenting (SENR)* | ≤ 79 | > 79 |
| 10. Strain due to child regulatory problems* | ≥ 4 | < 4 |
| 11. Anger* | ≥ 2 items yes | < 2 items yes |
| 12. Depression/anxiety (PHQ-4) | ≥ 6 | < 6 |
| 13. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) | ≥ 4 | < 4 |
*No author information on cut-offs, 1 SD rule