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. 2022 May 5;143(6):613–640. doi: 10.1007/s00401-022-02426-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of pathogenic α-syn extracted from human synucleinopathies. Immunohistochemistry of brain section from patients with synucleinopathies, stained with pS129 antibody. a Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in DLB. b Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in MSA. Scale bar, 50 μm. c Immunoelectron microscopy of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions extracted from brains of synucleinopathy patients. Electron micrographs show fibrous structures with 5–10 nm in diameter positive for pS129, after labeling with secondary antibody conjugated to 5 nm gold particles. Straight filaments in LBD (PDD and DLB), and twisted filaments with 80–100 nm periodicity in MSA were observed. Scale bar, 50 nm. d Immunoblot analyses of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions prepared from brains of synucleinopathy patients. Sarkosyl-insoluble phosphorylated α-syn (17 kDa) was detected with pS129 antibody. Disease-specific high-molecular-weight α-syn species were also observed: 22, 29, and 37 kDa bands in LBD (PDD and DLB), and 22 and 32 kDa bands in MSA. All data are original for this review