Table 2.

Experimental models to establish mechanisms of cardiovascular toxicities from targeted cancer therapies

Cancer therapy	Target	Experimental model	Phenotype
Trastuzumab	HER2	Cardiac-specific deletion of Her2 in mice [85]	Dilated cardiomyopathy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	CTLA	Deletion of Ctla4 in mice [90] Monoallelic loss of Ctla4 in Pd1 null mice [93]	Fatal autoimmune myocarditis
	PD1 PDL1	Deletion of Pd1 in mice [91,92]	Fulminant myocarditis with heart failure and deposition of auto-antibodies to troponin I